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human physiology > reproduction > Flashcards

reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

stages of spermatogenesis

A

spermatogonium -> spermatogonia -> 1º spermatocyte -> 2º spermatocyte -> spermatids -> sperm

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2
Q

what is the precursor to male tracts called

A

wolffian ducts

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3
Q

stages of oogenesis

A

oögonium -> oögonia -> 1ºoocyte -> 1st polar body or 2º oocyte

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4
Q

what gonads develop of SrY gene is present

A

testes

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5
Q

what is the precursor to female tracts called

A

müllerian ducts

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6
Q

testicular feminization syndrome

A

lack of testosterone receptors, anatomically female but genetically male

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7
Q

genetic deficiency in conversion of testosterone to DHT

A

genetic male w/ testes, male reproductive tract but female external genetalia

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8
Q

what if adrenal glands secrete weak androgen (dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA))

A

excessive amounts leads to genetic female w male bits

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9
Q

leydig cells

A

secrete testosterone

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10
Q

sertoli cells

A

support sperm development

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11
Q

how is sperm propelled

A

peristalsis

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12
Q

compartments of the blood-testis barrier

A

luminal compartment and basal compartment

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13
Q

functions of sertoli cells

A
  1. support sperm development
  2. secrete luminal fluid in which sperm develop
  3. secrete androgen-binding protein (androgen buffer)
  4. targetted by testosterone and FSH
  5. secrete inhibin
  6. secrete MIS
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14
Q

how is scrotum temperature regulated

A

dartos and cremaster muscles contract in cold

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15
Q

male reproductive tract

A

semiferous tubules -> rete testis -> efferent ductules -> epidiymus -> vas deferens

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16
Q

male accessory glands: seminal vesicles

A

secrete alkaline fluid w fructose, enzymes and prostaglandins

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17
Q

male accessory glands: prostate

A

secrete citrate and enzymes

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18
Q

male accessory glands: bulbourethral glands

A

secrete viscous fluid and mucus

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19
Q

Male hormone regulation: Gonadotropins

A

FSH - stimulates gametogenesis

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20
Q

Male hormone regulation: LH

A

stimulates androgen secretion

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21
Q

what part of the sperm has enzymes for fertilisation

A

acrosome

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22
Q

which NS is responsible for erection

A

PNS

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23
Q

which NS is responsible for emission and ejaculation

A

SNS

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24
Q

what receptors are in the erogenous zones of the penis

A

mechanoreceptors

25
Q

what contracts during emission

A

epidedymis, vas deferens and ejaculatory tract

26
Q

Granulosa cells

A

targetted by oestrogen and FSH, respond by secreting chemical messengers

27
Q

what do granulosa cells secrete

A

inhibin and estrogens

28
Q

functions of granulosa cells

A
  1. secrete antral fluid
  2. provide nutrients for developing oocyte
  3. secrete paracrines to support the follicle
  4. secrete inhibin and estrogens
  5. secrete substance that forms zona pellucida
29
Q

what is the outer layer of the uterus called

A

perimetrium

30
Q

what is the middle layer of the uterus called

A

myometrium

31
Q

what is the inner layer of the uterus called

A

endometrium

32
Q

what picks up ovum in the fallopian tubes

A

INFUNDBULUM and FIMBRIAE

33
Q

what happens in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle

A
  1. new follicles begin to develop from primordial follicles
  2. oocyte grows, granulosa cells proliferate
    zona pellucida and antrum form
  3. dominant follicle develops
  4. corona radiata develops
  5. graafin follicle (mature)
  6. ovulation
  7. FSH and estrogens stimulate growth and development
34
Q

what happens in ovulation

A

wall of graafin follicle ruptures, antral fluid and oocyte flows to ovary surface and is released

35
Q

what does the corpus luteum secrete

A

estrogens and progesterone

36
Q

what triggers the menstrual phase

A

decreased estrogens and progesterone when corpus luteum degenerates

37
Q

hormonal changes in the menstrual cycle

A

estrogen 1st secreted from follicle, then corpus luteum. progesterone secreted from corpus luteum, LH and FSH secreted from anterior pituitary, estrogens and progesterone inhibit LH and FSH secretion

38
Q

what do theca cells do

A

increase androgen secretion

39
Q

what do theca cells have receptors for

A

LH

40
Q

actions of estrogens in the follicular phase

A
  1. promote endometrial growth
  2. promote oogenesis and follicle development
  3. increase LH receptors on granulosa cells
  4. increase progesterone receptors on uterus
  5. increase LH secretion
41
Q

actions of estrogens in pregnancy

A
  1. promote growth of duct tissue in breasts
  2. suppress lactation
  3. prolactin secretion increased
  4. growth and contractile activity of uterine smooth muscle
  5. increase oxytocin receptors
  6. promote fluid retention
42
Q

actions of progesterone in luteal phase and pregnancy

A
  1. promote secretory-phase uterine conditions
  2. suppress uterine contractile activity
  3. promotes growth of glandular tissues in breasts
  4. suppresses milk production
43
Q

blastocyst characteristics

A

lost zona pellucida, has a fluid filled cavity called bastocoele

44
Q

what is the outer layer of a blastocyst called

A

trophoblast - becomes placenta

45
Q

what does the inner cell mass of a blastocyst become

A

embryo

46
Q

how does implantation occur

A

trophoblast secretes enzymes that digest endometrial cells, secretes paracrines to stimulate decidual response

47
Q

3 primary functions of placenta

A
  1. exchange of energy, nutrients and waste
  2. immunological barrier between mother and fetus
  3. secretes hormones that support the development of the fetus
48
Q

placental hormones: Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

A

maintains corpus luteum of pregnancy and stimulates secretion of testosterone

49
Q

placental hormones: estrogen

A

stimulates growth of myometrium, increases uterine strength for parturition

50
Q

placental hormones: progesterone

A

suppresses uterine contractions and promotes formation of cervical mucus plug

51
Q

placental hormones: human chorionic somatomammotropin

A

reduces maternal use of glucose and promotes breakdown of stored fat

52
Q

placental hormones: relaxin

A

softens cervix to prep for parturition

53
Q

placental hormones: placental PTHrp

A

increases maternal plasma Ca2+ levels for calcifying fetal bones

54
Q

how is ovulation prevented in pregnancy

A

progesterone inhibits GnRH, LH and FSH release, preventing LH surge

55
Q

what is pre-eclampsia and eclampsia

A

increased BP in woman who are pregnant, eclampsia is large and rapid increase - life threatening

56
Q

what do spasmogens do

A

increase force and frequency of contractions

57
Q

examples of spasmogens

A

oxytocin and prostaglandins

58
Q

what do relaxants (tocolytic agents) do + examples

A

reduce frequency and force of contractions - beta 2 adrenoreceptor agonists and mg ions

human physiology (15 decks)

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