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human physiology > nerves > Flashcards

nerves Flashcards

1
Q

ANS: how long is the chain of neurones

A

2

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2
Q

what is affected by ANS

A

cardiac, smooth muscle and glands

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3
Q

ANS: NT for preganglionic

A

ACh

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4
Q

ANS: NT for post ganglionic

A

NA and ACh

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5
Q

what does ANS regulate

A
  1. heart beat
  2. smooth muscle contraction
  3. exocrine secretions
  4. energy metabolism
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6
Q

how do PNS and SNS function in relation to each other

A

SEPARATELY, opposing effects

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7
Q

which part of the ANS is increased in stress

A

SNS

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8
Q

which part of the ANS is responsible for rest and digest

A

PNS

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9
Q

craniosacral outflow

A

cell bodies of preganglionic neurones are in cranial and sacral spaces

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10
Q

what do SNS preganglionic axons end in

A
  1. paravertebral sympathetic chains
  2. prevertebral ganglia/plexuses
  3. adrenal medulla
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11
Q

3 main prevertebral ganglia/plexuses in SNS

A
  1. coeliac
  2. superior
  3. hypogastric
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12
Q

nerves involved in PNS

A
  1. oculomotor
  2. facial
  3. glossopharyngeal
  4. vagus
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13
Q

how does ACh act in receptors in PNS

A

post synaptically on nicotinic receptors or post functionally on muscarinic receptors

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14
Q

What do nicotinic ACh receptors act as

A

ion channels (ionotropic)

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15
Q

what do muscarinic ACh receptors act as

A

Metabotropic (g-protein coupled)

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16
Q

where is M1

A

neuronal/gut

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17
Q

where is M2

A

cardiac/presynaptic

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18
Q

where is M3

A

glandular

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19
Q

what effect does a parasympathomimetic drug have on the body

A

increase PNS

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20
Q

example of parasympathomimetic drug

A

pilocarpine, nicotine

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21
Q

what effect does a parasympatholytic drug have on the body

A

decrease PNS, muscarinic antagonist (blocks action)

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22
Q

example of parasympatholytic drug

A

atropine

23
Q

what effect does a cholinesterase inhibitor have on the body

A

increase PNS, no break down of ACh

24
Q

example of cholinesterase inhibitor

A

physostigmine

25
Q

what effect do ganglionic blocking drugs have on the body

A

decrease BOTH PNS and SNS

26
Q

how does PNS effect the heart

A

1.postganglionic nerves release ACh
2. binds to M2
3. DECREASE function

27
Q

PNS effect on atrial muscle

A

decreases contractility

28
Q

PNS effect on AV node

A

decrease rate of conduction

29
Q

SNS on radial muscle in eye

A

leads to MYDRIASIS (dilation)

30
Q

SNS on circular muscle in eye

A

leads to MIOSIS (contraction)

31
Q

what receptors does ACh act on in eye

A

M3

32
Q

Atropine effect on eye

A

blocks circular musc contraction - MYDRIASIS

33
Q

PNS for accomodation

A

ACh at M3 leads to ciliary musc contraction so suspensory ligs relax and lens fattens (focus)

34
Q

cycloplegia

A

paralysis of ciliary musc - loss of accomodation

35
Q

what do anticholinesterases do to the PNS

A

enhance its stimulation

36
Q

what NT is used in PNS co-transmission

A

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)

37
Q

what does VIP do

A

work w ACh to modulate saliva secretion

38
Q

what are alpha and beta receptors like

A

metabotroptic

39
Q

how do alpha and beta receptors work

A
  1. attach to g protein
  2. 2nd messenger sys
  3. enzyme activation/ ion transport
  4. response
40
Q

which is the only prejunctional adrenoceptor

A

alpha 2

41
Q

what is an alpha 1 agonist used to treat/ for

A

glaucoma, mydriasis

42
Q

what is a beta 2 agonist used to treat

A

asthma -> salbutamol

43
Q

what is a beta 1 agonist used for

A

prevention of heart attack, enhance heart contraction

44
Q

what is an alpha 1 antagonist used for

A

antihypertensive - BLOCKS NA

45
Q

what is a beta antagonist used to treat/ for

A

cardiac arrythmia, angina, essential hypertension

46
Q

example of beta antagonist

A

beta blockers

47
Q

what adrenoceptors increase SNS postjunctionally

A

alpha 1 and 2, beta agonists

48
Q

what adrenoceptors decrease SNS postjunctionally

A

alpha 1 and 2, beta antagonists

49
Q

what adrenoceptors increase SNS prejunctionally

A

alpha 2 antagonist

50
Q

what adrenoceptors decrease SNS prejunctionally

A

alpha 2 agonist

51
Q

SNS control of pupil diameter

A
  1. NA
  2. alpha adrenoceptors on radial musc
  3. radial muscle contracts
  4. mydriasis
52
Q

sympathomimetic drug effect on vasculature

A

vasoconstriction

53
Q

what does neuropeptide Y do

A

enhances NA action

54
Q

what happens when NA + ATP + NPY act together

A

vasoconstriction

human physiology (15 decks)

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