nerves

Question 1

ANS: how long is the chain of neurones

Answer 1

2

Question 2

what is affected by ANS

Answer 2

cardiac, smooth muscle and glands

Question 3

ANS: NT for preganglionic

Answer 3

ACh

Question 4

ANS: NT for post ganglionic

Answer 4

NA and ACh

Question 5

what does ANS regulate

Answer 5

1. heart beat
2. smooth muscle contraction
3. exocrine secretions
4. energy metabolism

Question 6

how do PNS and SNS function in relation to each other

Answer 6

SEPARATELY, opposing effects

Question 7

which part of the ANS is increased in stress

Answer 7

SNS

Question 8

which part of the ANS is responsible for rest and digest

Answer 8

PNS

Question 9

craniosacral outflow

Answer 9

cell bodies of preganglionic neurones are in cranial and sacral spaces

Question 10

what do SNS preganglionic axons end in

Answer 10

1. paravertebral sympathetic chains
2. prevertebral ganglia/plexuses
3. adrenal medulla

Question 11

3 main prevertebral ganglia/plexuses in SNS

Answer 11

1. coeliac
2. superior
3. hypogastric

Question 12

nerves involved in PNS

Answer 12

1. oculomotor
2. facial
3. glossopharyngeal
4. vagus

Question 13

how does ACh act in receptors in PNS

Answer 13

post synaptically on nicotinic receptors or post functionally on muscarinic receptors

Question 14

What do nicotinic ACh receptors act as

Answer 14

ion channels (ionotropic)

Question 15

what do muscarinic ACh receptors act as

Answer 15

Metabotropic (g-protein coupled)

Question 16

where is M1

Answer 16

neuronal/gut

Question 17

where is M2

Answer 17

cardiac/presynaptic

Question 18

where is M3

Answer 18

glandular

Question 19

what effect does a parasympathomimetic drug have on the body

Answer 19

increase PNS

Question 20

example of parasympathomimetic drug

Answer 20

pilocarpine, nicotine

Question 21

what effect does a parasympatholytic drug have on the body

Answer 21

decrease PNS, muscarinic antagonist (blocks action)

Question 22

example of parasympatholytic drug

Answer 22

atropine

Question 23

what effect does a cholinesterase inhibitor have on the body

Answer 23

increase PNS, no break down of ACh

Question 24

example of cholinesterase inhibitor

Answer 24

physostigmine

Question 25

what effect do ganglionic blocking drugs have on the body

Answer 25

decrease BOTH PNS and SNS

Question 26

how does PNS effect the heart

Answer 26

1.postganglionic nerves release ACh 2. binds to M2 3. DECREASE function

Question 27

PNS effect on atrial muscle

Answer 27

decreases contractility

Question 28

PNS effect on AV node

Answer 28

decrease rate of conduction

Question 29

SNS on radial muscle in eye

Answer 29

leads to MYDRIASIS (dilation)

Question 30

SNS on circular muscle in eye

Answer 30

leads to MIOSIS (contraction)

Question 31

what receptors does ACh act on in eye

Answer 31

M3

Question 32

Atropine effect on eye

Answer 32

blocks circular musc contraction - MYDRIASIS

Question 33

PNS for accomodation

Answer 33

ACh at M3 leads to ciliary musc contraction so suspensory ligs relax and lens fattens (focus)

Question 34

cycloplegia

Answer 34

paralysis of ciliary musc - loss of accomodation

Question 35

what do anticholinesterases do to the PNS

Answer 35

enhance its stimulation

Question 36

what NT is used in PNS co-transmission

Answer 36

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)

Question 37

what does VIP do

Answer 37

work w ACh to modulate saliva secretion

Question 38

what are alpha and beta receptors like

Answer 38

metabotroptic

Question 39

how do alpha and beta receptors work

Answer 39

1. attach to g protein 2. 2nd messenger sys 3. enzyme activation/ ion transport 4. response

Question 40

which is the only prejunctional adrenoceptor

Answer 40

alpha 2

Question 41

what is an alpha 1 agonist used to treat/ for

Answer 41

glaucoma, mydriasis

Question 42

what is a beta 2 agonist used to treat

Answer 42

asthma -> salbutamol

Question 43

what is a beta 1 agonist used for

Answer 43

prevention of heart attack, enhance heart contraction

Question 44

what is an alpha 1 antagonist used for

Answer 44

antihypertensive - BLOCKS NA

Question 45

what is a beta antagonist used to treat/ for

Answer 45

cardiac arrythmia, angina, essential hypertension

Question 46

example of beta antagonist

Answer 46

beta blockers

Question 47

what adrenoceptors increase SNS postjunctionally

Answer 47

alpha 1 and 2, beta agonists

Question 48

what adrenoceptors decrease SNS postjunctionally

Answer 48

alpha 1 and 2, beta antagonists

Question 49

what adrenoceptors increase SNS prejunctionally

Answer 49

alpha 2 antagonist

Question 50

what adrenoceptors decrease SNS prejunctionally

Answer 50

alpha 2 agonist

Question 51

SNS control of pupil diameter

Answer 51

1. NA 2. alpha adrenoceptors on radial musc 3. radial muscle contracts 4. mydriasis

Question 52

sympathomimetic drug effect on vasculature

Answer 52

vasoconstriction

Question 53

what does neuropeptide Y do

Answer 53

enhances NA action

Question 54

what happens when NA + ATP + NPY act together

Answer 54

vasoconstriction