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human physiology > cardiovascular > Flashcards

cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

cardiac output in moderate exercise

A

12.5 L/min

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2
Q

CO at rest

A

5 L/min

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3
Q

maximal CO in exercise

A

25-30 L/min

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4
Q

CO equation

A

HR x StV

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5
Q

venous return effect on CO

A

increase

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6
Q

increase in SNS activity on CO

A

increased activity increases HR which increases CO

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7
Q

exercise effect on PNS and CO

A

PNS inhibited, HR increase

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8
Q

how does cardiac hypertrophy develop

A

prolonged exercise, left ventricle is larger so StV increases

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9
Q

what is the inner layer of the arteriole called

A

tunica intima

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10
Q

what is the middle layer of the arteriole called

A

tunica media

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11
Q

what is the outer layer of the arteriole called

A

tunica externa

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12
Q

constant flow rate equation

A

blood flow velocity x cross-sectional area

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13
Q

what does flow (Q) refer to

A

vol of fluid passing a given cross sectional area of vessel per unit time

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14
Q

poiseulles law

A

flow is proportional to vessel radius, and difference in inflow and outflow pressure but its inversely proportional to length of vessel and velocity of blood

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15
Q

peripheral resistance equation

A

pressure difference / Q

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16
Q

autorythmic cells

A

the cells of the heart that act as a pacemaker

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17
Q

SAN

A
  1. 8mm long 2mm thick
  2. fast firing cells
  3. NO RESTING POTENTIAL
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18
Q

phase 0 of SAN

A

upstroke of AP less steep than myocyte

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19
Q

phase 3 of SAN

A

plateau not sustained

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20
Q

phase 4 of SAN

A

membrane potential deviates from K+ equilibrium potential

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21
Q

3 factors affecting StV

A
  1. End diastolic volume
  2. Aortic pressure
  3. contractality
22
Q

5 things affecting HR

A
  1. intrinsic rate
  2. SNS
  3. PNS
  4. hormones
  5. extra and intracellular ions
23
Q

what is systolic blood pressure

A

force exerted onto the walls of arteries by the heart when it beats

24
Q

what determines the systolic blood pressure

A

aortic elasticity (increases it)

25
Q

what is diastolic blood pressure

A

arterial pressure when heart not beating - determined by peripheral resistence

26
Q

StV equation

A

end diastolic vol - end systolic vol

27
Q

pulse pressure equation

A

systolic BP - Diastolic BP

28
Q

mean BP equation

A

Diastolic BP + 1/3 pulse pressure

29
Q

Q equation

A

mean BP/ total peripheral resistance

30
Q

factor affecting peripheral resistance

A

blood vessel radius

31
Q

Mean BP equation

A

CO x TPR

32
Q

PNS control of BP

A

ACh binds to M receptors and decreases HR

33
Q

SNS control of BP

A

NA binds to b-adrenoceptors and increases HR and force

34
Q

alpha 1 and 2 adrenoceptors on vasculature

A

NA binds and causes vasoconstriction

35
Q

beta 2 adrenoceptros on vasculature

A

NA binds and causes vasodilation

36
Q

baroreceptors on BP

A

in carotid arteries - sense changes in transmural pressure

37
Q

clinical hypertension

A

defined as a rise in arterial pressure which is significant enough to raise instance of stroke, heart attack/failure

38
Q

essential hypertension

A

no cause, significant risk

39
Q

secondary hypertension

A

renal disease, hyperthyroidism, pregnancy and drug use

40
Q

what pharmacological intervention reduces BP by reducing TPR via vasodilation

A

Ca2+ channel blockers

41
Q

what pharmacological intervention reduces BP by reducing TPR via vasoconstriction

A

alpha adrenoceptors, angiotensin II

42
Q

what pharmacological intervention reduces BP by reducing CO

A

diuretics, beta 1 and 2 adrenoceptor antagonists

43
Q

phentolamine

A

non selective alpha adrenoceptor antagonist

44
Q

phentolamine side effects

A

postural hypertension, high HR and cold extremeties

45
Q

angiotensin II

A

pepide with activity in vasculature, kidneys and adrenal cortex

46
Q

angiotensin II in adernal cortex

A

acts on zona glomerulosa cells, stimulating aldosterone secretion and synthesis

47
Q

bradykinin

A

vasodilator

48
Q

what is a pro of AT1 receptor antagonists

A

they block angiotensin II without effecting bradykinin

49
Q

what do ca2+ channel blockers do

A

inhibit voltage-mediated Ca2+ channels on vascular smooth muscle

50
Q

what is the effect of Ca2+ channel blockers on BP

A

increase vasodilation so decrease BP

51
Q

where are beta 1 receptors found

A

heart

52
Q

where are beta 2 receptors found

A

lungs and blood vessels

human physiology (15 decks)

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