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human physiology > endocrine glands 1 and 2 > Flashcards

endocrine glands 1 and 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the different parts of the pituitary gland

A

anterior and posterior pituitary

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2
Q

where does the anterior pituitary grow from

A

the roof of the mouth

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3
Q

where does the posterior pituitary grow from

A

down from the brain

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4
Q

hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

A

hypothalamus releases hypothalamic-releasing factors (hormones) into portal vessels to reach the capillary bed of the anterior pituitary. This controls secretion of anterior pituitary hormones

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5
Q

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) axis

A

leads to increase in LH and FSH which leads to gonads producing sex hormone

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6
Q

growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) axis

A

leads to increase in GH which causes liver to produce more IGF-1

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7
Q

what is somatostatin

A

global inhibitory hormone

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8
Q

somatostatin axis

A

inhibits GH and TSH which stops liver/thyroid producing IGF-1/thyroid hormones

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9
Q

TRH axis

A

increases TSH/ prolactin which causes thyroid to produce more thyroid hormones/ allows mammory tissue to produce milk

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10
Q

what is TRH

A

thyrotropin-releasing hormone

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11
Q

how is prolactin influenced by the hypothalamus

A

negatively

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12
Q

dopamine axis

A

inhibits prolactin to stimulate mammory tissue

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13
Q

what is CRH

A

corticotropin-releasing hormone

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14
Q

CRH axis

A

stimulates ACTH which stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol

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15
Q

posterior pituitary

A

neurally connected to hypothalamus

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16
Q

actions of vasopressin (AVP) (ADH)

A

causes vasoconstriction via V1 receptors when higher AVP

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17
Q

actions of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) (AVP)

A

increases permeability and re-absorption of water via v2 receptors

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18
Q

how is oxytocin release stimulated

A

by suckling of the nipple and by cervical stimulation (parturition)

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19
Q

how does suckling stimulate oxytocin

A

sensory nerves activated, signal to neuroendocrine cells, signal through neural tract to axon termini and so posterior pituitary releases oxytocin. milk let-down process activated

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20
Q

how does the distention of the cervix stimulate oxytocin

A

nerve fibres stimulated, signal to neuroendocrine cells etc…. results in contraction of uterine smooth muscle

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21
Q

actions of oxytocin (3)

A
  1. stimulates milk let-down and expression of breast milk
  2. uterine smooth muscle contraction
  3. parental/reproductive behaviour ?
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22
Q

what does the pineal gland produce

A

melatonin

23
Q

what does melatonin do

A

secreted at night to induce sleep, involved in the body’s circadian rhythm

24
Q

where is oxytocin synthesised

A

hypothalamus

25
Q

what are the thyroid hormones (3)

A

thyroxine (T4) and tri-iodothyronine (T3), calcitonin

26
Q

where are the thyroid hormones T3 and T4 made and stored

A

colloid

27
Q

what do the parafollicular C cells do

A

make calcitonin

28
Q

what do T3 and T4 do (2)

A
  1. increase metabolism of the body by increasing basal metabolic rate (BMR) and increasing the metabolism of carbs, proteins and fats
  2. stimulate growth and development particularly in maturation of CNS
29
Q

Action of calcitonin

A

involved in calcium homeostasis by lowering plasma calcium levels

30
Q

what does the parathyroid gland secrete

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

31
Q

what is the structure of the parathyroid gland

A

4 small glands located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland

32
Q

what does PTH do

A

increases plasma Ca2+ levels

33
Q

what are 2 antagonistic hormones in the thyroid

A

PTH and calcitonin

34
Q

where are the adrenal glands located

A

on top of the kidneys

35
Q

adernal gland structure

A

the outside is the cortex and the inside is the medulla

36
Q

what is made in the adrenal medulla

A

catecholamines -> e.g. adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine

37
Q

what is made in the adrenal cortex

A

adrenal steroid hormones -> e.g. mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), glucocorticoids (cortisol), weak androgens (DHEA(S))

38
Q

what is DHEA(S)

A

dehydroepiandrosterone

39
Q

what cells make adrenaline

A

chromaffin cells

40
Q

what are chromaffin cells considered to be

A

modified postganglionic sympathetic neurones (neuroendocrine cells)

41
Q

what are the 3 zones of the adrenal cortex (outside going inwards)

A

zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis

42
Q

what hormones does the zona glomerulosa make?

A

mineralocorticoids e.g. aldosterone

43
Q

what does aldosterone do

A

regulates Na+ and K+ balance and is part of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (controls blood pressure)

44
Q

what hormones does the zona fasciculata make

A

glucocorticoids e.g. cortisol

45
Q

what hormones does the zona reticularis make

A

weak androgens

46
Q

what do androgens do to women

A

pubic hair growth and libido

47
Q

what hormones are the only ones to control the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis

A

glucocorticoids (cortisol)

48
Q

what does the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) do

A

controls endogenous circadian rhythms

49
Q

what do alpha islets of langerhans produce

A

glucagon

50
Q

what do beta islets of langerhans produce

A

insulin

51
Q

what do delta islets of langerhans produce

A

somatostatin

52
Q

what is synergistic activity

A

when hormones work together to enhance the response

53
Q

what is permissive activity

A

when one hormone is required to allow a second one to act

54
Q

what is antagonistic activity

A

when the effects of hormones oppose each other

human physiology (15 decks)

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