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Biomedical Science > Semester 1 Final Exam > Flashcards

Semester 1 Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Posterior

A

toward the back of the body

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2
Q

Inferior

A

toward the bottom of the body

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3
Q

Superior

A

toward the top of the body

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4
Q

Medial

A

toward the midsagittal plane ; away from the side

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5
Q

Lateral

A

toward the side ; away from the midsagittal plane

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6
Q

Distal

A

away from the trunk or point of attachment

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7
Q

Proximal

A

toward the trunk

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8
Q

Superficial

A

toward the surface of a part ; away from the inside

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9
Q

Deep

A

toward the inside of a part ; away from the surface

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10
Q

Ventral

A

along the belly surface of the body

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11
Q

Dorsal

A

along the vertebral surface of the body

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12
Q

Abdominal

A

abdomen

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13
Q

Antecubital

A

front of elbow

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14
Q

Axillary

A

armpit

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15
Q

Brachial

A

arm

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16
Q

Buccal

A

cheek

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17
Q

Calcaneal

A

heel bone

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18
Q

Carpal

A

wrist

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19
Q

Cephalic

A

head

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20
Q

Cervical

A

neck

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21
Q

Coxal

A

hip

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22
Q

Digital

A

fingers

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23
Q

Femoral

A

thigh

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24
Q

Gluteal

A

buttock

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25
Q

Inguinal

A

groin

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26
Q

Lumbar

A

loin

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27
Q

Nasal

A

nose

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28
Q

Occipital

A

back of head

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29
Q

Olecranal

A

back of elbow

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30
Q

Oral

A

mouth

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31
Q

Orbital

A

eyeball

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32
Q

Patellar

A

kneecap

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33
Q

Pelvic

A

pelvis

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34
Q

Popliteal

A

back of knee

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35
Q

Sacral

A

bottom of back spine

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36
Q

Scapular

A

shoulder blade

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37
Q

Sternal

A

chest wall (centrally)

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38
Q

Tarsal

A

ankle

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39
Q

Thoracic

A

chest

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40
Q

Umbilical

A

navel

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41
Q

Vertebrae

A

spine

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42
Q

Apendicular Skeleton

A

forms the limbs & appendages (enables movement & mobility)
* scapula
* clavicle
* humerus
* radius
* ulna
* carpals
* metacarpals
* phalanges
* pelvic girdle
* femur
* patella
* tibia
* fibula
* tarsals
* metatarsals

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43
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

forms the body’s central axis (provides support & protection)
* skull
* sternum
* rib cage
* vertebral column
- cervical vertebrae
- thoracic vertebrae
- lumbar vertebrae
- sacrum
- coccyx
* mandible

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44
Q

Body System Mechanism

A

cell –> tissues –> organ –> organ system –> organism

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45
Q

Connective Tissue

A

protects, supports, and binds together other body tissues.
(made up of different types of cells, called the matrix)

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46
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

forms the lining, coverings, and glandular tissues of the body.
- type 1 : forms outer layer of the skin.
- type 2 : lines the air sacs of the lungs

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47
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

composed of specialized cells called neurons that recieve and transmit electrical signals to the body.
(makes up the brain, spinal cords, & nerves)

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48
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

specialized to contract and cause movement.
(three main types : skeletal, cardiac, smooth)

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49
Q

Adipose Tissue

A

known as a body fat and is a connective tissue that extends thoughout the body.

50
Q

Light Enters Eye Sequence

A

1) cornea
2) iris
3) pupil
4) lens
5) retina

51
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

a chemical that transmits signals between nerve cells.

52
Q

Insulin Feedback Loop

A

helps regulate blood sugar
(process : when sugar levels rise, the pancreas releases insulin to lower them, and when levels drop, insulin secretion slows)

53
Q

Orbicularis Oris

A

muscle around the mouth that controls lip movements, such as puckering and closing the lips.

54
Q

Orbicularis Oculi

A

muscle around the eyes that controls eyelid movement, including blinking and squinting.

55
Q

Temporalis

A

muscle on the side of the head that helps in chewing by elevating the jaw.

56
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

motor skills & cognitive functions

57
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

recieves & processes all somatosensory input from the body

58
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

processes auditory information

59
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

recieves and processes visual information

60
Q

Cerebellum

A

coordinates voluntary movements, balance, and motor control

61
Q

Brain Stem

A

controls basic life functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure

62
Q

Hypothalamus

A

regulates bodily functions like temperature, hunger, thirst, and emotional responses; controls the pituitary gland

63
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

regulates vital functions like heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration

64
Q

Thalamus

A

acts as a relay station for sensory and motor signals to and from the cerebral cortex

65
Q

Hippocampus

A

essential for forming new memories and spatial navigation

66
Q

Pons

A

relays signals between the cerebrum and cerebellum, and plays a role in regulating sleep and breathing

67
Q

Midbrain

A

involved in vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake cycles

68
Q

Sensory Cortex

A

processes sensory information (touch, pain, temperature). located in the parietal lobe.

69
Q

Motor Cortex

A

controls voluntary movements. located in the frontal lobe

70
Q

Gyrus

A

folds in the brain

71
Q

Sulcus

A

grooves in the brain

72
Q

Biometric

A

the technology that measures and analyzes individual physical or behavioral characteristics for identification purposes.

73
Q

Retina Scanning

A

measures the pattern of blood vessels in an individual’s eye

74
Q

Gait Recognition

A

captures and measures an individuals step pattern

75
Q

Facial Recognition

A

analyzes specific and unique features of an indvidual’s face

76
Q

Voice Recognition

A

records an individual’s voice using specific phrases or vocal patterns

77
Q

Palm Scanning

A

scans and analyzes vein patterns of a palm

78
Q

DNA Matching

A

records unique genetic material for identification (gel electrophoresis)

79
Q

Iris Recognition

A

measures and analyzes muscles in the pupil

80
Q

Fingerprint Recognition

A

measures unique ridges of the finger

81
Q

DNA

A

(deoxyribonucleic acid)
the molecule that carries genetic information in living organisms, determining traits and functions.

82
Q

Long Bone

A

are longer than they are wide
* femur
* tibia
* humerus

83
Q

Short Bone

A

are nearly equal in length and width ; are somewhat cubed
* carpals
* tarsals
* metacarpals

84
Q

Flat Bone

A

are thin and relatively broad ; have large surface area for muscle attachment
* sternum
* ribs
* scapula

85
Q

Irregular Bone

A

have complex shapes that do not fit easily into any other category
* vertebrae
* sacrum

86
Q

Compact Bone VS Spongy Bone

A

spongy bone is lighter and porous, while compact bone is dense and solid.

87
Q

How much bones does the vertebral column have?

A

35 TOTAL
(7) cervical
(12) thoracic
(5) lumbar
(5) sacrum
(4) coccyx

88
Q

Sternum (or)?

A

breastbone

89
Q

Scapula (or)?

A

shoulder blade

90
Q

Patella (or)?

A

kneecap

91
Q

Mandible (or)?

A

lower jaw

92
Q

How many bones does a hand & wrist have?

A

hand = 19 bone
wrist = 8 bones
(27 bones in TOTAL)

93
Q

How do the manubrium, body, & xiphoid process differ?

A

differ in location and structure.
(position, size, function)

94
Q

Epiphysis

A

the ends of a long bone, involved in joint formation and providing space for spongy bone.

95
Q

Diaphysis

A

the shaft of a long bone, providing leverage and structural support.

96
Q

Metaphysis

A

the region between the epiphysis and diaphysis, where bone growth occurs during development.

97
Q

Articular Cartilage

A

reduces friction and absorbs shock at joint surfaces.

98
Q

Spongy Bone

A

lightens the bone and absorbs shock, found mostly in the epiphysis.

99
Q

Compact Bone

A

dense, hard outer layer that provides strength and protection.

100
Q

Epiphyseal Plate

A

the growth plate, where bone lengthening occurs in children and adolescents.

101
Q

Red Bone Marrow

A

produces red and white blood cells, found mainly in spongy bone.

102
Q

Medullary Cavity

A

the central hollow space in the diaphysis, containing yellow bone marrow.

103
Q

Yellow Bone Marrow

A

stores fat and can convert to red marrow during extreme blood loss.

104
Q

Periosteum

A

a dense layer of connective tissue covering the bone, aiding in growth, repair, and attachment of tendons/ligaments.

105
Q

Why are there sutures in the skull?

A

allows brain growth, offer protection, and eventually fuse to form a solid structure as we age.

106
Q

Sensory Neuron

A

(unipolar or bipolar)
transmit sensory information to the central nervous system.

107
Q

Motor Neuron

A

(multipolar)
transmit signals from the central nervous system to muscles and glands.

108
Q

Interneuron

A

(multipolar)
relay and process information between sensory and motor neurons within the central nervous system.

109
Q

Unipolar

A

one process that splits into two branches, acting as both axon and dendrite.

110
Q

Bipolar

A

one axon and one dendrite extending from opposite sides.

111
Q

Multipolar

A

one axon and multiple dendrites.

112
Q

Afferent Neuron

A

sensory neurons that carry impulses toward the central nervous system from sensory receptors.

113
Q

Efferent Neuron

A

motor neurons that carry impulses away from the central nervous system to muscles or glands.

114
Q

Does an interneuron have a direction of impulse?

A

yes, mpulses travel from sensory neurons to interneurons (processing and integration) and then from interneurons to motor neurons, which carry the response to muscles or glands.

115
Q

What does the Endocrine System do?

A

is a collection of glands that produce and release hormones to regulate bodily functions.

116
Q

What does the Endocrine glands produce?

A

they produce hormones that control various physiological processes, including insulin, adrenaline, estrogen, and cortisol.

117
Q

Where are the Endocrine glands located?

A

they are located throughout the body, including the brain, neck, abdomen, and pelvis.

118
Q

What happens to the neurons in multiple sclerosis?

A

the immune system attacks the myelin sheath around nerve fibers, disrupting nerve signal transmission.

119
Q

What treatments are available for multiple sclerosis?

A
  • disease-modifying therapies (DMTs)
  • steroids for relapses
    *symptom management like pain and muscle spasm medications are commonly used.
120
Q

What is the prognosis of a patient with multiple sclerosis?

A

the prognosis varies :
* many people live normal lifespans with managed symptoms
* but disability can occur over time.
(early treatment helps improve outcomes.)

Biomedical Science (9 decks)

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