Semester 1 Final Exam Flashcards
Posterior
toward the back of the body
Inferior
toward the bottom of the body
Superior
toward the top of the body
Medial
toward the midsagittal plane ; away from the side
Lateral
toward the side ; away from the midsagittal plane
Distal
away from the trunk or point of attachment
Proximal
toward the trunk
Superficial
toward the surface of a part ; away from the inside
Deep
toward the inside of a part ; away from the surface
Ventral
along the belly surface of the body
Dorsal
along the vertebral surface of the body
Abdominal
abdomen
Antecubital
front of elbow
Axillary
armpit
Brachial
arm
Buccal
cheek
Calcaneal
heel bone
Carpal
wrist
Cephalic
head
Cervical
neck
Coxal
hip
Digital
fingers
Femoral
thigh
Gluteal
buttock
Inguinal
groin
Lumbar
loin
Nasal
nose
Occipital
back of head
Olecranal
back of elbow
Oral
mouth
Orbital
eyeball
Patellar
kneecap
Pelvic
pelvis
Popliteal
back of knee
Sacral
bottom of back spine
Scapular
shoulder blade
Sternal
chest wall (centrally)
Tarsal
ankle
Thoracic
chest
Umbilical
navel
Vertebrae
spine
Apendicular Skeleton
forms the limbs & appendages (enables movement & mobility)
* scapula
* clavicle
* humerus
* radius
* ulna
* carpals
* metacarpals
* phalanges
* pelvic girdle
* femur
* patella
* tibia
* fibula
* tarsals
* metatarsals
Axial Skeleton
forms the body’s central axis (provides support & protection)
* skull
* sternum
* rib cage
* vertebral column
- cervical vertebrae
- thoracic vertebrae
- lumbar vertebrae
- sacrum
- coccyx
* mandible
Body System Mechanism
cell –> tissues –> organ –> organ system –> organism
Connective Tissue
protects, supports, and binds together other body tissues.
(made up of different types of cells, called the matrix)
Epithelial Tissue
forms the lining, coverings, and glandular tissues of the body.
- type 1 : forms outer layer of the skin.
- type 2 : lines the air sacs of the lungs
Nervous Tissue
composed of specialized cells called neurons that recieve and transmit electrical signals to the body.
(makes up the brain, spinal cords, & nerves)
Muscle Tissue
specialized to contract and cause movement.
(three main types : skeletal, cardiac, smooth)
Adipose Tissue
known as a body fat and is a connective tissue that extends thoughout the body.
Light Enters Eye Sequence
1) cornea
2) iris
3) pupil
4) lens
5) retina
Neurotransmitter
a chemical that transmits signals between nerve cells.
Insulin Feedback Loop
helps regulate blood sugar
(process : when sugar levels rise, the pancreas releases insulin to lower them, and when levels drop, insulin secretion slows)
Orbicularis Oris
muscle around the mouth that controls lip movements, such as puckering and closing the lips.
Orbicularis Oculi
muscle around the eyes that controls eyelid movement, including blinking and squinting.
Temporalis
muscle on the side of the head that helps in chewing by elevating the jaw.
Frontal Lobe
motor skills & cognitive functions
Parietal Lobe
recieves & processes all somatosensory input from the body
Temporal Lobe
processes auditory information
Occipital Lobe
recieves and processes visual information
Cerebellum
coordinates voluntary movements, balance, and motor control
Brain Stem
controls basic life functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure
Hypothalamus
regulates bodily functions like temperature, hunger, thirst, and emotional responses; controls the pituitary gland
Medulla Oblongata
regulates vital functions like heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration
Thalamus
acts as a relay station for sensory and motor signals to and from the cerebral cortex
Hippocampus
essential for forming new memories and spatial navigation
Pons
relays signals between the cerebrum and cerebellum, and plays a role in regulating sleep and breathing
Midbrain
involved in vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake cycles
Sensory Cortex
processes sensory information (touch, pain, temperature). located in the parietal lobe.
Motor Cortex
controls voluntary movements. located in the frontal lobe
Gyrus
folds in the brain
Sulcus
grooves in the brain
Biometric
the technology that measures and analyzes individual physical or behavioral characteristics for identification purposes.
Retina Scanning
measures the pattern of blood vessels in an individual’s eye
Gait Recognition
captures and measures an individuals step pattern
Facial Recognition
analyzes specific and unique features of an indvidual’s face
Voice Recognition
records an individual’s voice using specific phrases or vocal patterns
Palm Scanning
scans and analyzes vein patterns of a palm
DNA Matching
records unique genetic material for identification (gel electrophoresis)
Iris Recognition
measures and analyzes muscles in the pupil
Fingerprint Recognition
measures unique ridges of the finger
DNA
(deoxyribonucleic acid)
the molecule that carries genetic information in living organisms, determining traits and functions.
Long Bone
are longer than they are wide
* femur
* tibia
* humerus
Short Bone
are nearly equal in length and width ; are somewhat cubed
* carpals
* tarsals
* metacarpals
Flat Bone
are thin and relatively broad ; have large surface area for muscle attachment
* sternum
* ribs
* scapula
Irregular Bone
have complex shapes that do not fit easily into any other category
* vertebrae
* sacrum
Compact Bone VS Spongy Bone
spongy bone is lighter and porous, while compact bone is dense and solid.
How much bones does the vertebral column have?
35 TOTAL
(7) cervical
(12) thoracic
(5) lumbar
(5) sacrum
(4) coccyx
Sternum (or)?
breastbone
Scapula (or)?
shoulder blade
Patella (or)?
kneecap
Mandible (or)?
lower jaw
How many bones does a hand & wrist have?
hand = 19 bone
wrist = 8 bones
(27 bones in TOTAL)
How do the manubrium, body, & xiphoid process differ?
differ in location and structure.
(position, size, function)
Epiphysis
the ends of a long bone, involved in joint formation and providing space for spongy bone.
Diaphysis
the shaft of a long bone, providing leverage and structural support.
Metaphysis
the region between the epiphysis and diaphysis, where bone growth occurs during development.
Articular Cartilage
reduces friction and absorbs shock at joint surfaces.
Spongy Bone
lightens the bone and absorbs shock, found mostly in the epiphysis.
Compact Bone
dense, hard outer layer that provides strength and protection.
Epiphyseal Plate
the growth plate, where bone lengthening occurs in children and adolescents.
Red Bone Marrow
produces red and white blood cells, found mainly in spongy bone.
Medullary Cavity
the central hollow space in the diaphysis, containing yellow bone marrow.
Yellow Bone Marrow
stores fat and can convert to red marrow during extreme blood loss.
Periosteum
a dense layer of connective tissue covering the bone, aiding in growth, repair, and attachment of tendons/ligaments.
Why are there sutures in the skull?
allows brain growth, offer protection, and eventually fuse to form a solid structure as we age.
Sensory Neuron
(unipolar or bipolar)
transmit sensory information to the central nervous system.
Motor Neuron
(multipolar)
transmit signals from the central nervous system to muscles and glands.
Interneuron
(multipolar)
relay and process information between sensory and motor neurons within the central nervous system.
Unipolar
one process that splits into two branches, acting as both axon and dendrite.
Bipolar
one axon and one dendrite extending from opposite sides.
Multipolar
one axon and multiple dendrites.
Afferent Neuron
sensory neurons that carry impulses toward the central nervous system from sensory receptors.
Efferent Neuron
motor neurons that carry impulses away from the central nervous system to muscles or glands.
Does an interneuron have a direction of impulse?
yes, mpulses travel from sensory neurons to interneurons (processing and integration) and then from interneurons to motor neurons, which carry the response to muscles or glands.
What does the Endocrine System do?
is a collection of glands that produce and release hormones to regulate bodily functions.
What does the Endocrine glands produce?
they produce hormones that control various physiological processes, including insulin, adrenaline, estrogen, and cortisol.
Where are the Endocrine glands located?
they are located throughout the body, including the brain, neck, abdomen, and pelvis.
What happens to the neurons in multiple sclerosis?
the immune system attacks the myelin sheath around nerve fibers, disrupting nerve signal transmission.
What treatments are available for multiple sclerosis?
- disease-modifying therapies (DMTs)
- steroids for relapses
*symptom management like pain and muscle spasm medications are commonly used.
What is the prognosis of a patient with multiple sclerosis?
the prognosis varies :
* many people live normal lifespans with managed symptoms
* but disability can occur over time.
(early treatment helps improve outcomes.)
