final Flashcards
Apendicular Skeleton
forms the limbs & appendages (enables movement & mobility)
* scapula
* clavicle
* humerus
* radius
* ulna
* carpals
* metacarpals
* phalanges
* pelvic girdle
* femur
* patella
* tibia
* fibula
* tarsals
* metatarsals
Axial Skeleton
forms the body’s central axis (provides support & protection)
* skull
* sternum
* rib cage
* vertebral column
- cervical vertebrae
- thoracic vertebrae
- lumbar vertebrae
- sacrum
- coccyx
* mandible
Body System Mechanism
cell –> tissues –> organ –> organ system –> organism
Connective Tissue
- a basic tissue type in the body that supports, protects, and connects other tissues and organs.
- gives structure to other tissues
- It’s made up of cells, fibers, and a gel-like substance.
Some examples of connective are:
* Bone
* Cartilage
* Adipose tissue ( fat )
* blood
Epithelial Tissue
- known as epithelium tissue forms the lining, covering, and glandular tissue of the body.
- one type forms the outer layer of the skin and another type lines the air sacs of the lungs.
- the cells in the epithelium tissues are packed tightly together which form continuous sheets which contain no blood vessels.
- they are classified according to shape and arrangement.
Nervous Tissue
composed of specialized cells called neurons which receive and send electrical signals in the body and are responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities. Nervous tissue responds to stimuli and transmits impulses, supporting cells that make up the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
Muscle Tissue
specialized tissue that has the special ability to shorten or contract to produce the movements of body parts. There are 3 main types of muscle tissue.
* Skeletal muscle: long and cylindrical, multi-nucleated, and striated voluntarily
* Cardiac muscle: shorter and branched, uninucleated, strained involuntarily, intercalated disk
* Smooth muscle: spindle-shaped, uninucleated, non-striated, involuntary
Light Enters Eye Sequence
1) cornea
2) iris
3) pupil
4) lens
5) retina
Biometric
the technology that measures and analyzes individual physical or behavioral characteristics for identification purposes.
Retina Scanning
measures the pattern of blood vessels in an individual’s eye
Gait Recognition
captures and measures an individuals step pattern
Facial Recognition
analyzes specific and unique features of an indvidual’s face
Voice Recognition
records an individual’s voice using specific phrases or vocal patterns
Palm Scanning
scans and analyzes vein patterns of a palm
DNA Matching
records unique genetic material for identification (gel electrophoresis)
Iris Recognition
measures and analyzes muscles in the pupil
Fingerprint Recognition
measures unique ridges of the finger
DNA
(deoxyribonucleic acid)
* the molecule that carries genetic information in living organisms, determining traits and functions.
4 Types of Bone
1) Long
2) Short
3) Flat
4) Irregular
Long Bone
are longer than they are wide
* humerus, femur, ulna, metacarpals, metatarsals, phalanges, tibia, fibula
Short Bone
are nearly equal in length and width; somewhat cube-shaped
* carpals & tarsals
Flat Bone
are thin and relatively broad; have a large surface area for muscle attachment
* Scapula, carnival bones, sternum, ribs
Irregular Bone
have complex shapes that dont fit easily into any other category
* Facial bones and vertebrae
Diaphysis
- the long central shaft of a bone
- contains yellow bone marrow
- made of compact bone
Epiphysis
- the expanded ends of the bone
- contains red bone marrow
- made of spongy bone
Epiphyseal Plate
“growth plate
- the area where diaphysis and epiphysis met
- in a growing bone it is where cartilage is reinforced and then replaced by bone
Articular Cartilage
- a thin layer of cartilage that covers the epiphysis or ends of bone
- it provides a smooth gelding surface for joins and helps protect the ends of the bone
Periosteum
- a dense fibrous covering the surface of the bone
- it is essential for bone growth, repair, and nutrition
- it also functions as a point of attachment for ligaments and tendons
Medullary Cavity
- the hallow part of the bone that contains bone marrow
Red Bone Marrow
- contains blood stem cells that can become red blood cells, white blood, cells, or platelets
Yellow Bone Marrow
- made of mostly fat and contains stem cells that can become cartilage, far, or bone cells
Compact Bone VS Spongy Bone
spongy bone is lighter and porous, while compact bone is dense and solid.
Frontal Lobe
- attention & focus
- decision-making/problem-solving
- reasoning
- movement
Parietal Lobe
- emotion processing
Temporal Lobe
- emotion management
- information processing
- memory
- language understanding
Occipital Lobe
- vision
Cerebellum
- balance
- muscle coordination
- movement
Brain Stem
- helps regulate vital body functions
Hypothalamus
- blood pressure regulation
- thirst and hunger
Medulla Oblongata
- breathing
Thalamus
- sleeping & waking
Hippocampus
- long term memory
Pons
- links the medulla oblongata and the thalamus.
Midbrain
- connection between the brain and spinal cord
Sensory Cortex
- smell
- bodily sensations
Motor Cortex
- nerve impulses initiating involuntary muscular activity
Gyrus
folds in the brain
Sulci
grooves in the brain
Sensory Neuron
- carry signals from the outer part of your body into the CNS
- have dendrites on both ends, connected by a long axon with a cell body in the middle
Motor Neuron
- control muscle contractions & have a cell body on one end, a long axon in the middle, and dendrites on the other side.
- carry signals from the CNS to the outer parts of the body
Interneuron
- carries information between motor and sensory neurons
- connects various neurons within the brain and spinal cord
Dendrites
the structure of neurons that allow the cell to receive signals from other neurons
Axon
conducts electrochemical impulses or action potentials
Cell Membrane
regulates the transport of materials entering and exiting the cell
Axon Hillock
controls the initiation of electrical impulses based on the inputs from other neurons or the environment
Myelin Sheath
allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently along the nerve cell if it’s damaged the impulses slow down
Node of Ranvier
allows ions to diffuse in and out of the neuron, propagating the electrical signal down the axon, allowing for the regeneration of an electrical signal ( action potential ) by facilitating the influx of ions and enabling repaid signal transmission along the axon
Axon Terminal
the point where neuron releases neurotransmitters and effectively transmit electrical signals into chemical signals to communicate with other neurons or muscle cells
Synapse
the junction between two neurons where electrical signals are converted into chemical signals across a small gap (synaptic cleft )
Unipolar
( pseudounipolar ) has one process that is attached to the cell body: an axon that extends into dendrites
Bipolar
have both an axon and a dendrite extending from the cell body ( which is in the middle ) in opposite directions
Multipolar
contains a single axon and many dendrites
Neurotransmitter
a chemical that transmits signals between nerve cells
Isulin Feedback Loop
helps regulate blood sugar
(process : when sugar levels rise, the pancreas releases insulin to lower them, and when levels drop, insulin secretion slows)
Afferent/Unipolar (outside –> CNS)
Sensory Neuron
Efferent/Multipolar (CNS –> outside)
Motor Neuron
Bipolar (sensory –> motor)
Interneuron
Female VS Male Pelvis
The female pelvis is thinner and less dense in comparison to the thick and heavy male pelvis, women have larger and broader pelves / wider birth canals which allow for childbirth.
