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Biology > Semester 1 Final created by Baljot > Flashcards

Semester 1 Final created by Baljot Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Describe how you would use a microscope to look at a very small specimen like a single skin cell. Begin your description from the moment you obtain the prepared slide and bring it back to your work station.

A

You would place the slide into the microscope and you would start at the lowest microscopic level and make your subject in focus, then you would move it up a level and focus it again, do this until you can clearly see the small specimen close up, and in detail.
1.Obtain slide
2.Plug in microscope
3.Make sure microscope is set at lowest magnification
Place slide on glass plate under 4.microscope
5.Flip diaphragm for better viewing
6.Increase magnification/adjust view with knob as needed
7.Remove slide from microscope
8.unplug the microscope
9.Wrap cord around microscope
10.To bring it back, grab the microscope from the bottom and the handle
11.Wash slide under water and dry it off

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2
Q

What parts should a quality hypothesis include?

A

If, then, because

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3
Q

Write a question and a hypothesis for the following observation… “You notice that right after you eat a big lunch of hamburgers and fries you feel tired.”

A

Does eating a big lunch of hamburgers make you feel tired?

If you eat a big lunch of hamburgers then you will feel tired, because the intake of fats and calories are high.

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4
Q

What is a manipulated variable?

A

What changes

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5
Q

What is a controlled variable?

A

What stays the same

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6
Q

What is a responding variable?

A

What you are measuring/resording

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7
Q

What is the experimental control condition in an experiment?

A

Opposite of the manipulative variable.

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8
Q

What variables are present in the hypothesis?

A

Manipulative, and responding

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9
Q

Ribosome

A

Found in three places, attached in the rough ER, in the cytoplasm, in the nucleus. Their job is to make proteins that are molecules that help to build and repair cells.

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10
Q

Nucleus

A

The command center if the cell. Contains DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid) the command molecule of the cell. Surrounded by a membrane

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11
Q

Mitochondria

A

This is found in animal and plant cells, Performs the process of cellular respiration in which glucose sugar is broken down to provide energy for the cell

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12
Q

Cell Membrane

A

Forms the outer boundary of the animal cells. Found inside the cell wall in plant cells. Determines what can enter and leave a cell. Made of protein and fat.

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13
Q

Chloroplast

A

(Plant cell only) Sugar making structures; does the process of photosynthesis

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14
Q

Cell Wall

A

(Only in plants) Provides structure, protection and support, made of cellulose molecules, rigid and thick.

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15
Q

Smooth ER

A

A network of channels but lack ribosomes, makes lipid, breaks down toxins

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16
Q

Golgi Body

A

The Golgi body is responsible for doing final modifications of proteins I the cell which are to be secreted. They molecularly tag the proteins for secretion. Stack of pancakes mushed together

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17
Q

What structures do plant cells have that animal cells do not have? What are these structures used for?

A

Cell wall=keeps up the structure of the plant. chloroplasts=performs photosynthesis

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18
Q

What is the monomer that makes up each of the following biomolecules…protein, fat, carbohydrate, nucleic acid?

A

Protein=amino acid, Fat= 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol, Carbs=glucose, Nucleic acid=nucleotides

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19
Q

Where in the cell does cellular respiration take place?

A

Cellular respiration takes place in the mitochondria.

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20
Q

Where in the cell does photosynthesis take place?

A

Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts.

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21
Q

What is the chemical equation for Photosynthesis?

A

Reactant: 6CO2+6H2O+Light Product: 6O2+C6H12O6

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22
Q

What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration?

A

Reactants: 6O2+C6H12O6
product: 6CO2+6H2O+Energy

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23
Q

What is the chemical formula for glucose?

A

C6H12O6

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24
Q

Compare the reactions of photosynthesis and cellular respiration. How are they similar? How are they different?

A

Photosynthesis produces glucose so that it can be used for cellular respiration. Cellular respiration produces carbon dioxide. Both using similar components. What’s different is that they are making and putting in. They are in a cell but use different organelles to do their job.

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25
Q

What kinds of organisms are capable of doing photosynthesis? Cellular respiration?

A

Autotrophs are able to do photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Heterotrophs are only able to do cellular respiration.

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26
Q

What is an autotroph?

A

An autotroph is an organism that can make its own food, an example would be plants.

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27
Q

What is a heterotroph?

A

A heterotroph is are living things that can’t make their own food, an example would be animals.

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28
Q

Explain the relationship between carbon dioxide and bromothymol blue. How does one affect the other?

A

When the BTB is a different color like yellow, or greenish that shows that there is carbon dioxide present, but when the BTB is blue that means that there is no carbon dioxide present.

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29
Q

When do snails produce carbon dioxide?

A

Snails produce carbon dioxide constantly because they are doing cellular respiration all the time.

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30
Q

When does elodea take in carbon dioxide?

A

Elodea takes in carbon dioxide when it is doing the process of photosynthesis because it uses the carbon dioxide to produce the glucose.

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31
Q

When does elodea (plants) give carbon dioxide off?

A

The elodea (plants) give carbon dioxide off constantly because they are always doing the process of cellular respiration.

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32
Q

Why is it important for you to understand and know about photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

A

It is important for us to understand and know about photosynthesis and cellular respiration because, as humans both are used in our every day in our life because we use the oxygen released from the photosynthesis and we do cellular respiration all the time to stay alive. It is important for us to know about this so we know what our bodies are doing and how things work.

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33
Q

What are the two main parts of the cell membrane?

A

They two main parts of the cell membrane is protein and fat

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34
Q

In which direction across the cell membrane do molecules move without energy? How about with energy?

A

Without energy the molecules move from high to low concentration. With energy the molecules move from low to high concentration.

35
Q

Define each of the different solution types: isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic.

A

Isotonic: Same concentration and even water movement
Hypotonic: Lower concentration than internal contents. Water tries to enter cell to dilute internal concentration. (Hypo like hippo so it gets bigger)
Hypertonic: High concentration than internal contents. What tries to leave trying to dilute external concentration. (Hyper gets smaller)

36
Q

What does it mean when we say enzymes are specific?

A

Each enzyme only does one specific job.

37
Q

What type of biomolecule are enzymes?

A

Protein

38
Q

What jobs can an enzyme do?

A

Enzymes speed up all processes in the body, enabling organisms to build up chemical substances such as other proteins, carbohydrates or fats that are necessary for life.

39
Q

Why are enzymes important for living things? Be specific!

A

Enables organisms to build up chemical substances such as other proteins, carbs, or fats that are needed without using so much energy.

40
Q

How does the cell know which enzyme to make and how to make it?

A

Enzymes are proteins, and DNA codes the enzyme’s information to an mRNA strand, which then is translated by tRNA into an anticodon.

41
Q

What environmental conditions can lead to an enzyme being denatured?

A

Extreme pH, or heat.

42
Q

Why does DNA replicate?

A

So that the original DNA strand doesn’t get destroyed or damaged. Also, so that each cell has a copy of the original DNA strand.

43
Q

Why do we need RNA?

A

We need RNA because the DNA can’t leave the nucleus, and RNA copies down the genetic information so that it can leave the nucleus.

44
Q

What does tRNA do?

A

Transfer RNA, transfers the information in the codons into amino acids.

45
Q

What happens if there is a mutation in transcription? List all things that will be changed.

A
  1. Change in mRNA 2. Change in rRNA 3. Change in amino acids 4. Change in protein 5. Change in you
46
Q

What are the nucleotides involved in rRNA?-

A

A,G,C,U

47
Q

What are the 3 parts of each nucleotides?

A

Sugar molecule, phosphate group, nitrogenous bases

48
Q

What part of each nucleotide varies in DNA?

A

Nitrogenous bases

49
Q

What part of each nucleotide varies between DNA and RNA?

A

A,C,G

50
Q

Where do nucleotides come from for transcription?

A

Floating and hanging around in the cytoplasm

51
Q

Why is there a leading strand and a lagging strand during replication?

A

Because the DNA polymerase cannot add complementary nucleotides. Leading goes the right direction, lagging going to wrong direction.

52
Q

What are Okasaki fragments are where are they?

A

Chunks of DNA on the lagging strand

53
Q

What does DNA ligase do?

A

It glues together the okasaki fragments

54
Q

What does “protein synthesis” mean?

A

Making protein

55
Q

What is a template strand?

A

The original strand that gets replicated

56
Q

How many different codes can you have between 2 codons (6 nucleotides)?

A

Six to the fourth power

4,096

57
Q

Why do some cells only use some genes?

A

Cells only use some genes because they only need to use certain cells because for example if the brain had a digestive cell then the digestive cell would digest the brain, and that isn’t good.

58
Q

Name two reasons cells divide using mitosis.

A
  1. Growth
  2. Development
  3. Repair
59
Q

Define mitosis.

A

Mitosis is the process in which chromosomes replicated and separated into two individual and identical cells.

60
Q

Name one reason why cells divide using meiosis.

A

To create 4 haploid cells

61
Q

What is the number of chromosomes at each step of mitosis for a human cell.

A

Interphase: 46, Prophase: 92, Metaphase: 92, Anaphase: 92, Telophase: 92, Cytokinesis: 46

62
Q

What type of cells are made during meiosis (be specific)?

A

Sex cells, or gametes, 4 haploids.

63
Q

After mitosis, how does the DNA of the parent cell compare to the DNA of the daughter cells?

A

They are identical cells.

64
Q

After meiosis, how does the DNA of the parent cell compare to the DNA of the daughter cells?

A

Different, because of variation it only has 1/2 the same cells of each parent. If the chromosomes cross over that will also make the DNA different too.

65
Q

How many chromosomes did you get from your father? How many did you get from your mother?

A

23 chromosomes from each parent.

66
Q

What is the super packed DNA called that cells have in their nuclei?

A

Chromosomes

67
Q

What does mitosis have that meiosis doesn’t?

A

PMAT X1, creates 2 identical daughter cells, body cells

68
Q

What do meiosis and mitosis share?

A

PMAT, starts with 2n cells

69
Q

What does meiosis have that mitosis doesn’t?

A

PMAT X2, creates four haploid cells, sex cells, crossing over

70
Q

What does passive transport have that active doesn’t?

A

doesnt need energy, high to low going with the concentration gradient, small uncharged molecules.

71
Q

What does active and passive transport share?

A

Molecules moving across cell membrane

72
Q

What does active transport have that passive doesnt’?

A

needs energy (ATP), low to high going against the concentration gradient, large charged molecules

73
Q

Concentration gradient

A

Difference in concentration in a solution

74
Q

Hypertonic will?

A

shrivel

75
Q

Hypotonic will?

A

swell

76
Q

Isotonic will?

A

Remain at equilibrium

77
Q

What does diffusion have that osmosis doesn’t?

A

Movement of small uncharged molecules

78
Q

What do diffusion and osmosis share?

A

Equalizes concentrations, no energy, no carrier protein, high to low with concentration gradient

79
Q

What does osmosis have the diffusion doesn’t?

A

Movement of water

80
Q

What does facilitated diffusion have that active transport doesn’t?

A

No energy, high to low with concentration gradient, carrier protein

81
Q

What do facilitated diffusion and active transport share?

A

Uses protein, large charged molecules

82
Q

What does active transport have that facilitated diffusion doesn’t?

A

Energy (ATP), low to high increasing the concentration gradient

83
Q

If a problem about solution types and what will happen to cell comes up and it gives you the water percentage what do you do?

A

You would subtract the water percentage from 100 to get the solute percentage.

84
Q

What you start the reactant with is called the?

A

Substrate

Biology (14 decks)

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