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Biology > End of Year Final Review > Flashcards

End of Year Final Review Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the primary function of the cell membrane?

A

defending against foreign particles

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2
Q

Which process converts solar energy into chemical energy?

A

Photosynthesis

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3
Q

Which molecules is paired with its correct role in protein synthesis? Nucleus- forms peptide bonds, ribosome-carries DNA instructions, mRNA- joins amino acids, tRNA- transfers amino acids

A

tRNA- transfers amino acids

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4
Q

Proteins are synthesized at which organelle?

A

Rough E.R

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5
Q

Which molecules store and transmit genetic information?

A

Nucleic acids

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6
Q

A student notices that the lettuce in a salad wilts soon after salt is added. Lettuce cells… swell when exposed to salt, absorb the extra salt, release water in the presence of salt, lose oxygen when in contact with salt

A

Release water in the presence of salt

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7
Q

In active transport, carrier proteins

A

move substances from a low to high concentration using ATP

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8
Q

Which is an organelle that performs cellular respiration and is with its correct function? Chloroplast- converts light energy into chemical energy, Mitochondria- converts glucose into cellular energy, Mitochondria- converts cellular energy into glucose energy, Chloroplasts- converts chemical energy into light energy

A

Mitochondria- converts glucose energy into cellular energy

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9
Q

Which biomolecule contains nitrogenous bases?

A

Nucleic acid

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10
Q

C6H12O6 + 602 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy

A

cellular respiration

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11
Q

Antibodies are composed primarily of amino acids. Which class of biomolecules are they?

A

Proteins

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12
Q

Plants use nitrogen to make proteins. What is present in the soil to make the nitrogen available?

A

Bacteria

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13
Q

What would be a good testable question about testing salt concentration in fish tanks?; Do fish like salt?, How much salt do fish like?, Do fish survive at a high rate with salt?, Do fish reproduce at higher rates with warmer temperatures?

A

Do fish survive at a high rate with salt?

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14
Q

How does a plant create protein to build leaves?

A

The plant makes to proteins using instructions in DNA

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15
Q

What is the role of cellular respiration in plants?

A

To produce ATP

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16
Q

There are 5 squirrels in a 10 acre area. What is their population density?

A

.5 squirrels per acre

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17
Q

Why are the offspring of the flowing plants genetically different from the parent plants?
Sexual reproductions makes offspring with new gene combos, sexual reproduction makes offspring with 1/2 of the of DNA, Asexual reproduction makes offspring with 2X the DNA, Asexual reproduction makes offspring with new genes

A

Sexual reproduction makes offspring with new gene combos

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18
Q

What part of the cell produces ATP?

A

Mitochondrion

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19
Q

What is the original source of carbon for glucose in apples?

A

Carbon dioxide gas in air

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20
Q

What is the main function of fat?

A

Long term energy storage

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21
Q

What is the main purpose of photosynthesis?

A

To create glucose

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22
Q

What is the correct size order going from smallest to largest? chromosome -> nucleotide -> gene, nucleotide -> gene -> chromosome, nucleotide -> chromosome -> gene, gene -> nucleotide -> chromosome

A

nucleotide -> gene -> chromosome

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23
Q

Two heterozygous brown eyed rabbits mate. What percentage of their offspring have blue eyes?

A

25%

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24
Q

How can you tell if a trait is x-linked recessive?

A

It shows up more frequently in boys

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25
Q

What type of cell does a nutation have to happen in to pass onto offspring?

A

Gamete cells

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26
Q

A somatic cell is?

A

a type of body cell

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27
Q

Which is not a way to increase genetic variation in offspring?

A

Natural selection

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28
Q

What differences are important for natural selection?

A

Variations

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29
Q

What is true about natural selection? It can happen in one organism, it can happen fast, it depends on the environment, organisms can choose

A

It depends on the environment

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30
Q

What is biodiversity?

A

How many different organisms are in one ecosystem

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31
Q

What is a niche?

A

Where an organism eats and lives

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32
Q

What is a factor that can increase a population? Increase in death rate, decrease in emmigration, decrease immigration, decrease in birthrate

A

Decrease in emmigration

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33
Q

Osmosis is the movement of?

A

Water

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34
Q

When traits appear to skip generations, what type of trait are they most likely?

A

Recessive

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35
Q

If the typical body cell of a goat has 60 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are in gametes?

A

30

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36
Q

How can variations become adaptations?

A

A selective pressure pushes towards a variation

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37
Q

Which is a homologous structure to bat wings? Human arms, rat tail, butterfly wings, chicken wings

A

Human arms, and chicken wings

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38
Q

What is the complementary DNA strand: ATCG

A

TAGC

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39
Q

What is the complementary mRNA strand: ATGC

A

UACG

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40
Q

Black fur is dominant to yellow fur. What is the phenotype for a dong with yellow fur?

A

yellow

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41
Q

What is the purpose of mRNA?

A

To take the DNA message out of the nucleus, to be able to make protein, to protect the DNA in the nucleus

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42
Q

What biomolecules make up the cell membrane?

A

Protein and fat

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43
Q

Why do plants need both mitochondria and chloroplasts?

A

Because chloroplasts make sugar and mitochondria makes ATP

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44
Q

Weeds growing in a field without any weedkiller is an example of what?

A

Positive feedback- because they are multiplying rapidly or negative feedback- they will reach carry capacity

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45
Q

What could make an experiment more reliable? Calibrating a scale, repeating the lab, using clean glassware, using 2 manipulated variables

A

Calibrating a scale, repeating the lab, and using clean glassware

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46
Q

Which process creates identical daughter cells?

A

mitosis

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47
Q

What is the monomer of amino acids?

A

Protein

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48
Q

What is the monomer of glucose?

A

Carbohydrates

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49
Q

What is the monomer of nucleotides?

A

DNA

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50
Q

What is the monomer of 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol?

A

Fat

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51
Q

What is the function of amino acids/protein?

A

To build and repair cells

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52
Q

What is the function of glucose/carbohydrates?

A

Short term energy storage

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53
Q

What is the function of nucleotides/DNA?

A

Store and transfer genetic information

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54
Q

What is the function of 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol/fat?

A

Long term storage

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55
Q

What is the polymer of protein?

A

Amino acids

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56
Q

What is the polymer of carbohydrates?

A

Glucose

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57
Q

What is the polymer of DNA?

A

Nucleotides

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58
Q

What is the polymer of fat?

A

3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol

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59
Q

When cells are in a hypertonic solution they…?

A

Tend to shrivel or collapse due o the movement of solutes (salt) from inside the cell to the outside

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60
Q

When cells are placed in a hypotonic solution they…?

A

may burst due to movement of water from the outside to the inside of the cell

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61
Q

The motion of solutes from higher concentration to lower concentration is done by…?

A

Diffusion, which is a a form of passive transport, when talking about water this process is called osmosis

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62
Q

What is the movement of osmosis?

A

high to low

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63
Q

Does osmosis use energy?

A

no

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64
Q

Does osmosis use a carrier protein?

A

no

65
Q

what is the movement of diffusion?

A

high to low

66
Q

does diffusion use energy?

A

no

67
Q

Does diffusion use a carrier protein?

A

No

68
Q

What is the movement of facilitated diffusion?

A

High to low

69
Q

Does facilitated diffusion use energy?

A

No

70
Q

Does facilitated diffusion use a carrier protein?

A

Yes

71
Q

What is the movement of active transport?

A

Low to high

72
Q

Does active transport use energy?

A

yes

73
Q

Does active transport use a carrier protein?

A

Yes

74
Q

Equation of photosynthesis?

A

Light + 6C02 + 6H20 –> 6O2 + C6H12O6

75
Q

Equation of cellular respiration?

A

6O2 + C6H12O6 –> 6C02 + 6H20 + Energy

76
Q

What are some selective pressures? Predator, mutation, variation, limited food supply, adaptation, low amount of water, a lethal disease

A

predator, mutation, limited food supply, low amount of water, and a lethal disease

77
Q

According to the theory of evolution, all species have what in common?

A

Common ancestor

78
Q

What is the number of sex chromosomes in a zygote?

A

2

79
Q

4 haploid gametes are produced by?

A

Meiosis

80
Q

What represents a recessive allele?

A

Lowercase letter

81
Q

Chromosomes are…?

A

Condensed genetic material

82
Q

How many times do the chromosomes replicate for meiosis?

A

1

83
Q

what is Nondisjunction?

A

when there is a an uneven division o chromosomes

84
Q

what increases genetic variation when chromosomes line up during metaphase?

A

Independant assortment

85
Q

how many chromosomes are in a gamete?

A

23

86
Q

What does hybrid mean?

A

Organism with a heterozygous pair of alleles

87
Q

How many autosomes are in a gamete?

A

22

88
Q

physical traits that result from the expression of genes is known as?

A

phenotype

89
Q

genotype is?

A

the genetic make-up of an individual

90
Q

How many sex chromosomes are passed down by a mother

A

1

91
Q

An allele is…?

A

Different versions of the same gene

92
Q

What transfers genetic information from a parent to a child?

A

Gamete

93
Q

What represents a dominant allele?

A

Capital letter

94
Q

What is adaptation?

A

Characteristics that help organisms survive and reproduce in a certain environment

95
Q

What are mutations?

A

Change in structure of DNA that changes the gene

96
Q

What is variation?

A

Genetic differences between individuals in a speices

97
Q

What is natural selection?

A

Species with the best variations will be better adapted to their environment, what is most likely to survive in specific environments

98
Q

What is selective pressure

A

Driving force of evolution, factors in an environment that influences an organisms ability to survive and reproduce

99
Q

Why do plants do both photosynthesis and cellular respiration and animals do not?

A

Because plants need to produce glucose in order to perform cellular respiration to get energy, and animals eat plants to get their glucose

100
Q

Ribosomes do what?

A

Make proteins

101
Q

What stores food and water for the cell?

A

Vacuole

102
Q

This provides internal cell structure

A

cytoskeleton

103
Q

The nucleolus does what

A

makes ribosomes

104
Q

the cytoplasm is

A

the watery environment of the cell

105
Q

This determined what can enter and leave the cell

A

Cell membrane

106
Q

What does the golgi body do?

A

Packages and modifies proteins

107
Q

what transports and modifies proteins?

A

Rough E.R

108
Q

What is the command center of the cell and holds DNA

A

Nucleus

109
Q

What does the cell wall do?

A

Provide structure and support for plants

110
Q

Photosynthesis takes place where

A

chloroplasts

111
Q

what breaks down and digests cellular waste?

A

Lysosomes

112
Q

What happens in the mitochondria?

A

Cellular respiration

113
Q

What sorts the genetic material during cell division?

A

Centrioles

114
Q

In a prodecure we have

A

explaining the data, repeated trials, how often data should be taken and recorded, record measurements, logical steps

115
Q

In both procedure and conclusion there is

A

responding variable, and controlled and manipulated variables

116
Q

In a conclusion we have

A

high and low data, answering the experimental question, and explaining the data

117
Q

What are the sex chromosomes for a female?

A

XX

118
Q

what are the sex chromosomes for a male?

A

XY

119
Q

What is a chromosome, a gene, and an allele?

A

chromosome- highly condensed DNA, Gene- sections of DNA, Allele- variations of same gene

120
Q

How much DNA do you get from your dad? mom?

A

1/2 from each parent

121
Q

How many chromosomes do you get from each parent?

A

23

122
Q

What does mitosis have that meiosis doesnt?

A

Diploid cells, 2 identical daughter cells, PMATX1, purpose: repair, growth, and development

123
Q

What do both mitosis and meiosis have?

A

makes new cells, PMAT

124
Q

What does meiosis have the mitosis doesnt?

A

Haploid cells, 4 cells, PMATX2, crossing over, purpose: reproduction

125
Q

Where does DNA replication happen in the cell?

A

Nucleus

126
Q

What nucleic acids are involved with DNA replication?

A

ACGT

127
Q

what is the main goal of DNA replication?

A

For every cell to have a copy of DNA

128
Q

The final product of DNA replication is?

A

an identical copy of DNA

129
Q

DNA replication happens during mitosis or meiosis?

A

Both

130
Q

What organelles are involved with DNA replication?

A

The nucleus

131
Q

Where does transcription happen in the cell?

A

Nucleus

132
Q

What nucleic acids are involved with transcription?

A

ACGU

133
Q

what is the main goal of transcription?

A

For the code to leave the cell

134
Q

what is the final product of transcription?

A

mRNA

135
Q

Transcription happens during mitosis or meiosis?

A

neither

136
Q

What organelles are involved with transcription?

A

Nucleus

137
Q

Where does translation happen in the cell?

A

Cytoplasm

138
Q

what are the nucleic acids involved with translation?

A

ACGU

139
Q

What is the main goal of translation?

A

To build and repair cells and to build enzymes

140
Q

What is the final product of translation?

A

Protein

141
Q

Translation happens during mitosis or meiosis?

A

neither

142
Q

What organelles are involved with translation?

A

Ribosome and cytoplasm

143
Q

a community is

A

interacting group of various species in a common location

144
Q

A ecosystem is

A

all living and nonliving factors in an environment that interact and live in a particular area

145
Q

A population in

A

A group of individuals of the same species that live in a particular area and can interbreed

146
Q

Limiting factor is?

A

Factor that limits population growth

147
Q

Competition is?

A

When two organisms fight for the same resources

148
Q

Carry capacity?

A

largest population that an environment can support

149
Q

Mutalism

A

Both benefit

150
Q

Predator prey

A

one organism eats another

151
Q

Parasitism

A

one organism lives on another

152
Q

Herbivory

A

Eating plants

153
Q

Commensalism

A

When one organism benefits from the other without affecting it

154
Q

how do you calculate population density?

A

of organisms/area

155
Q

What are the renewable resources? silver, trees, coal, solar power, natural gas, wind, copper, diamonds, plants, oil

A

trees, solar power, wind, plants

156
Q

What are the nonrenewable resources? silver, trees, coal, solar power, natural gas, wind, copper, diamonds, plants, oil

A

silver, coal, natural gas, copper, diamonds, oil

157
Q

Description of DNA

A

Double stranded, double helix, contains an organisms full genetic code, is replicated during mitosis and meiosis

158
Q

Description of mRNA

A

Used to deliver DNAs message, single stranded, attaches to ribosome during translation, has a sequence of 3 nucleotides, involved in transcription and translation, contains the genetic info for one gene

159
Q

Description of tRNA

A

Contains the genetic info for one gene, attaches to the ribosome during translation, involved in translation, has a sequence of three nucleotides, Delivers amino acids to the ribosome during translation

Biology (14 decks)

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