Self-report Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two main methods if self report?

A

-Questionnaires
-Interviews

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2
Q

Questionnaire features

A

-Written method
-May be completed by participant, or may be completed by a researcher reading to participant and recording answers
-Do not always require the presence of the researcher
-Person completing questionnaire is a ‘respondent’
-They can be paper-based or electronic

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3
Q

Questionnaire advantages

A

-Can reach more people
-Less time consuming
-More standardised
-Data can be easily summarised by technology
-Confidential
-Lower social desirability bias

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4
Q

Questionnaire disadvantages

A

-Can’t always clarify a question meaning
-Harder to debrief
-Can’t always see reactions/reasoning
-May oak ecological validity
-Response rate
-Standard response set

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5
Q

Interview features

A

-Person being interviewed is an ‘interviewee’
-Involved direct verbal questioning of the interviewee by a researcher
-Can vary in structure: un/semi/structured

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6
Q

Interview advantages

A

-Can see body language
-Easier to debrief
-Build a report to increase honesty
-Different structures to suit research
-Combination of data types

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7
Q

Interview disadvantages

A

-More time consuming
-Less standardised
-Can’t reach as many people
-Have to summarise data by yourself
-Can be unreliable
-Confidentiality
-Social desirability bias
-May lack ecological validity

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8
Q

What are the two types of questions?

A

-Open questions
-Closed questions

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9
Q

Open questions

A

A participant responds to a set question, but can answer in any style. They are often used to assess reasoning behind answers, and must be more than a one word answer

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10
Q

Open Questions advantages

A

-Can tell you participant reasoning
-Doesn’t limit participant answers
-Elaborate on an answer
-Increased ecological validity

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11
Q

Open questions disadvantages

A

-Take longer to answer
-Answers vary, so harder to summarise
-Low retention rate
-May get irrelevant data
-Researcher bias

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12
Q

Closed questions

A

The answers are given to participants so that they may choose the most appropriate answer for them. Can easily be turned into qualitative data

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13
Q

Closed question advantages

A

-Quick and easy to answer
-Easy to interpret and display
-Easier to compare and analyse results

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14
Q

Closed question disadvantages

A

-Doesn’t give participant reasoning
-Limits participant answers
-Lacks ecological validity
-Only gives quantitative data
-Lacks detail
-Options may be open to interpretation
-Standard response set

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15
Q

Rating scales

A

Participant marking an appropriate point on a numerical scale to indicate the direction and strength of their attitude towards something

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16
Q

Rating scales advantages

A

-Easily converted to quantitative data
-Easy to analyse and compare
-Gives detail beyond a yes/no answer

17
Q

Rating scale disadvantages

A

-Different interpretations of terms, from both respondent and researcher
-Only a set number of options
-Standard response set
-Doesn’t show participant reasoning

18
Q

Likert scales

A

Comprise a number of statements, and participants indicate to what degree they agree/disagree with them

19
Q

Semantic differentials

A

An attitude object is given (Eg: college) along side two polar opposites (good/bad) and the participant indicates how far they agree with each on a numerical scale.=

20
Q

What are the three types of interview?

A

Structured, semi-structured, and unstructured

21
Q

Structured interview

A

The interviewer asks the same questions to each interviewee, with closed questioned often being used

22
Q

Structured interview advantages

A

-Highly standardised
-Know exactly what is happening
-Easier to compare answers
-High internal reliability

23
Q

Structured interview disadvantages

A

-Low ecological validity/superficial
-Worse report
-Less comfortable atmosphere
-Restrictive, so may miss useful information

24
Q

Semi-structured interview

A

There will be a pre-prepared set of questions, with other questions being developed in the interview based on interviewee responses

25
Q

Semi-structured interview advantages

A

-Ecological validity
-More comfortable/trustworthy
-Qualitative data collected, still with quantitative to compare

26
Q

Semi-structured interview disadvantages

A

-Reliability not as high due to varying experience
-Harder to compare across participants

27
Q

Unstructured interview

A

The interviewer has topics to discuss, but no set questions and is more like a conversation

28
Q

Unstructured interview advantages

A

-Higher ecological validity
-Good rapport
-More comfortable for interviewee
-Lots of detail
-Qualitative data collected that may otherwise be missed

29
Q

Unstructured interview disadvantages

A

-Not standardised
-Don’t know what will happen
-Harder to compare answers
-Lower reliability
-Broad range so harder to summarise and analyse

30
Q

What are the three levels of data?

A

Interval/ratio, Ordinal, Nominal

31
Q

Interval or ratio

A

The highest level of data, analysis is made of the scores achieved by individual participants.
Units.

32
Q

Ordinal

A

The medium level of data. Analysis is made by individual scores of participants in relation to each other, what is analysed is their rank position in a group.
Scales/scores

33
Q
A