Observation Flashcards

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1
Q

Research aim

A

The concept that the researcher wants to investigate

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2
Q

Research question

A

The question version of the aim, that the researcher is looking to answer

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3
Q

Coding frame

A

Tables that are used to record data within a structured observation

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4
Q

Behavioural categories

A

Certain behaviours the observer is looking out for and recording

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5
Q

Structured observation

A

-Has set behaviours the observer is looking out for
-Produces quantitative data
-Eg-Bandura

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6
Q

Structured observation advantages

A

-Creates quantitative data which is objective and easy to analyse
-Easy to conduct/less effort for observers to record

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7
Q

Structured observation disadvantages

A

-The coding frame may not include all displayed behaviours
-Lacks detail

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8
Q

Unstructured observation

A

-Has no pre-planned behaviours to look for
-Produces qualitative data
-Eg-Stanford prison experiment

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9
Q

Unstructured observation advantages

A

-Gets more detail
-Behaviours that weren’t expected can still be recorded by the observer

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10
Q

Unstructured observation disadvantages

A

-The data collected is more subjective
-Takes more time and effort for data to be recorded

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11
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

-An observation that is carried out in a participants typical environment
-Eg-Piliavin

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12
Q

Naturalistic observation advantages

A

-High ecological validity
-People may be more likely to act naturally in their typical environment

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13
Q

Naturalistic observation disadvantages

A

-Could be extraneous variables from the environment
-It could be hard to see and record all the data based on the surroundings

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14
Q

Controlled observation

A

-An observation that takes place in a lab setting, manipulated by the researcher
-Eg-Milgram, Bandura

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15
Q

Controlled observation advantages

A

-Higher levels of controls over extraneous variables
-Easy to set up environment for ease of viewing behaviours

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16
Q

Controlled observation disadvantages

A

-Low ecological validity
-People may alter their behaviour due to the unnatural setting

17
Q

Participant observation

A

-The observer is working within the same location as the participants
-Eg-Piliavin

18
Q

Participant observation advantages

A

-View less likely to be obstructed
-Can get more insider information being up close to participants

19
Q

Participant observation disadvantages

A

-Time consuming to set up
-Could be dangerous
-Could lose objectivity if become friends with participants

20
Q

Non-participant observation

A

-The observer is working in a different location to the participants
-Looking through CCTV/one way mirror
-Eg-Milgram, Bandura

21
Q

Non-participant observation advantages

A

-Less risk of observer bias
-Less safety concerns
-Less time to set up

22
Q

Non-participant observation disadvantages

A

-Less control
-Likely to have an obstructed view in some way

23
Q

Covert observation

A

-Participants are unaware they are being watched
-Eg-Piliavin, Bandura, Milgram

24
Q

Covert observation advantages

A

-Participants are more natural in their behaviour, which increases validity
-Takes less effort from researchers

25
Q

Covert observation disadvantages

A

-Breaks ethical guidelines
-Can be hard to record data without breaking cover

26
Q

Overt observation

A

-Participants are aware they are being watched
-Eg-Love Island, Louis Theroux, Stanford prison experiment

27
Q

Time sampling

A

Recording what is observable at a given time interval during the observation period

28
Q

One-zero sampling

A

-A recording is made if a set behaviour is displayed during the interval
-No further recording is made if the behaviour occurs again in the interval

29
Q

Instantaneous scan sampling

A