Self Efficacy and Self Management

Question 1

What is self-efficacy according to Bandura?

Answer 1

It is the extent or strength of one’s belief in their ability to attain goals, particularly in the context of exercise and health behavior.

Question 2

How is self-efficacy a dynamic process?

Answer 2

It can change over time due to various factors like personal experiences, environment, and changes in daily circumstances.

Question 3

What are the three factors in the social cognitive theory model?

Answer 3

Personal factors, behavior, and environment.

Question 4

How do personal factors influence behavior change in social cognitive theory?

Answer 4

They include the individual’s abilities, belief system, and values that impact their readiness for behavior change.

Question 5

What role does the environment play in behavior change according to social cognitive theory?

Answer 5

The environment can either facilitate or hinder behavior change through factors like access to exercise spaces or support from others.

Question 6

What is reciprocal determinism?

Answer 6

It is the interaction between an individual, their behavior, and their environment, where each can influence the others.

Question 7

How do environment and situation differ in social cognitive theory?

Answer 7

Environment refers to physical and social surroundings, while the situation is the perception of those surroundings related to behavior.

Question 8

What is behavioral capacity?

Answer 8

It is the potential to be successful in behavior change based on the skills and knowledge of an individual.

Question 9

What is observational learning?

Answer 9

It is learning to perform a skill by watching others, such as following a group exercise class instructor.

Question 10

How does reinforcement affect behavior change?

Answer 10

Positive reinforcement (e.g., praise) encourages behavior change, while negative reinforcement (e.g., time constraints) can hinder it.

Question 11

What is the difference between expectations and expectancy in behavior change?

Answer 11

Expectations are the anticipated outcomes of a behavior (e.g., improved health), while expectancy refers to the perceived value of those outcomes.

Question 12

What is self-regulation in the context of behavior change?

Answer 12

It involves setting goals and monitoring progress to control behavior, such as tracking gym visits on a calendar.

Question 13

Why is self-efficacy important for behavior change?

Answer 13

It reflects a person’s confidence in their ability to succeed, which is crucial for initiating and maintaining behavior change.

Question 14

What is self-efficacy?

Answer 14

It is the extent of one’s belief in their ability to attain goals, especially in the context of exercise and health behavior.

Question 15

How is self-efficacy relevant to physical therapy?

Answer 15

It influences a patient’s confidence in their ability to follow through with exercise programs and manage their health conditions.

Question 16

What is the Self-Efficacy for Exercise scale?

Answer 16

A measure developed to assess an individual’s confidence in their ability to exercise, particularly validated for older adults.

Question 17

How many questions are on the Self-Efficacy for Exercise scale?

Answer 17

Nine questions that assess confidence in exercising despite various potential barriers (e.g., weather, pain, boredom).

Question 18

What is the Self-Efficacy for Home Exercise Programs (SEHEP)?

Answer 18

A measure that assesses a patient’s confidence in performing prescribed exercises at home, addressing specific challenges they may face.

Question 19

How does the SEHEP differ from the Self-Efficacy for Exercise scale?

Answer 19

The SEHEP focuses specifically on confidence in home exercise adherence, using a different set of items and a 6-point scale.

Question 20

What R-squared value indicates a strong relationship between the SEHEP and the Self-Efficacy for Exercise scale?

Answer 20

An R-squared value of 0.71, suggesting a good correlation between the two measures.

Question 21

What was the R-squared value for the correlation between self-efficacy scores and actual adherence to home exercise programs?

Answer 21

An R-squared value of 0.15, indicating a weak correlation.

Question 22

What did the systematic review on self-efficacy and chronic pain outcomes reveal?

Answer 22

It found significant relationships between self-efficacy and various outcomes related to chronic pain, including impairment and pain severity.

Question 23

How many studies were included in the systematic review analyzing self-efficacy in chronic pain management?

Answer 23

83 papers with a total of 86 samples were analyzed.

Question 24

What role does caregiver self-efficacy play in patient care?

Answer 24

It reflects the caregiver’s belief in their ability to support the patient’s treatment and exercise program, which can impact the patient’s outcomes.

Question 25

Why is understanding self-efficacy important in pediatrics?

Answer 25

It is crucial for assessing both the child’s ability to follow an exercise program and the caregiver’s confidence in assisting the child.

Question 26

What are some barriers that might affect a patient’s self-efficacy for exercise?

Answer 26

Factors like pain, boredom, lack of equipment, and busy schedules can limit a patient’s confidence in their ability to exercise regularly.

Question 27

How can self-efficacy be measured in older adults?

Answer 27

Through self-report scales that assess their confidence in managing health behaviors and completing exercises.

Question 28

What is the importance of monitoring self-efficacy in rehabilitation settings?

Answer 28

It helps identify which patients are more likely to adhere to home exercise programs and adjust interventions accordingly to improve outcomes.

Question 29

What are the four key pieces for building self-efficacy?

Answer 29

Success and mastery, vicarious performance, verbal encouragement, and emotional/psychological state.

Question 30

How does success and mastery contribute to building self-efficacy?

Answer 30

By breaking down long-term goals into achievable short-term tasks, allowing individuals to experience success and build confidence step by step.

Question 31

What example illustrates the principle of success and mastery in exercise?

Answer 31

An inpatient rehabilitation patient starting with a small set of four steps before progressing to a full flight of stairs.

Question 32

What is vicarious performance?

Answer 32

Learning and building confidence through observing others successfully perform a task, such as participating in group exercise or finding a supportive peer.

Question 33

How can modeling help build self-efficacy in patients?

Answer 33

Patients can gain confidence by watching someone with similar abilities perform tasks successfully, providing a relatable example of success.

Question 34

What role does verbal encouragement play in enhancing self-efficacy?

Answer 34

Verbal encouragement from therapists, teachers, or peers can reinforce positive behavior and motivate individuals to persist in their efforts.

Question 35

What is important to remember about verbal praise?

Answer 35

Praise should be valid and focused on actual successes rather than reinforcing incorrect or subpar performance.

Question 36

How does emotional and psychological state impact self-efficacy?

Answer 36

Positive attitudes and belief in one’s abilities can enhance self-efficacy, while negative emotions such as anxiety or depression can hinder performance.

Question 37

What is an example of how emotional state can affect therapy sessions?

Answer 37

A 78-year-old patient with knee osteoarthritis may struggle to return to therapy after the death of a spouse, impacting her motivation and ability to engage in rehabilitation.

Question 38

Why is it essential to consider a patient’s emotional state when planning interventions?

Answer 38

Understanding emotional and psychological factors can help tailor the therapy approach, ensuring it supports the patient’s overall well-being and recovery.

Question 39

How should a therapist approach a patient returning to therapy after a significant emotional event?

Answer 39

Focus on building mastery and success with manageable tasks, being sensitive to their emotional state, and gradually increasing the intensity of exercises.

Question 40

What is the significance of short-term goals in building self-efficacy?

Answer 40

Short-term goals provide achievable milestones that help individuals build confidence and stay motivated toward their long-term objectives.

Question 41

How can self-efficacy be affected by social support?

Answer 41

Encouragement and positive reinforcement from family, friends, or peers can significantly enhance an individual’s belief in their ability to succeed.

Question 42

How can observational learning be implemented in exercise settings?

Answer 42

By having experienced individuals demonstrate exercises, allowing less experienced participants to learn techniques and build confidence.

Question 43

What is the relationship between emotional states and self-efficacy in athletic performance?

Answer 43

Athletes often emphasize the importance of a positive mindset; as Venus Williams stated, believing in oneself is essential for success in sports and exercise.

Question 44

What are the three key pieces of self-management?

Answer 44

Patient and family-centered care, enabling independence with disease process management, and shared decision-making.

Question 45

What is the focus of patient and family-centered care?

Answer 45

It emphasizes setting appropriate goals based on the patient’s needs and ensuring long-term benefits from interventions.

Question 46

Why is it important to consider carryover and long-term benefits in physical therapy?

Answer 46

Because improving a patient’s range of motion will have little benefit if they do not incorporate that into their daily activities.

Question 47

How can therapists plan for patient transitions in care?

Answer 47

By assessing whether a patient will need to move to a skilled nursing facility or can transition directly to outpatient care based on their progress.

Question 48

What does enabling independence in disease management involve?

Answer 48

Empowering patients to have control over their disease process, which can include working with other practitioners like social workers or psychologists.

Question 49

How can patient self-management be measured?

Answer 49

By assessing their confidence in managing symptoms and tasks related to their health condition, like keeping fatigue or pain from interfering with daily activities.

Question 50

What is shared decision-making in healthcare?

Answer 50

A collaborative process where healthcare providers and patients work together to make informed choices about treatment options based on the patient’s preferences and values.

Question 51

Why is informed consent important in shared decision-making?

Answer 51

It ensures that patients understand their options and the implications of those options, allowing them to make educated decisions about their care.

Question 52

What did the study by Bozic and colleagues reveal about shared decision-making in osteoarthritis?

Answer 52

Patients who received information about surgical options prior to their visit were more likely to make informed decisions about their care compared to those who only received general information.

Question 53

How does self-management empower individuals with chronic conditions?

Answer 53

It gives them the confidence to manage their medical, role, and emotional needs related to their condition effectively.

Question 54

What is the role of interactive educational sessions in self-management?

Answer 54

They provide systematic support and education tailored to individual patient needs, enhancing their ability to manage their conditions.

Question 55

What additional resources can help facilitate shared decision-making?

Answer 55

Decision aids and educational tools, like those from Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, which help families navigate treatment options effectively.

Question 56

How can healthcare practitioners assess self-management skills?

Answer 56

By regularly evaluating barriers to management and strengths to reinforce, ensuring ongoing support for the patient.

Question 57

What is an important consideration for educational approaches in self-management?

Answer 57

Not all educational methods will work for every patient, so it’s essential to tailor the approach to each individual’s needs and preferences.

Question 58

Why is it vital to focus on emotional and psychological management in chronic disease self-management?

Answer 58

A patient’s emotional state can significantly impact their ability to manage their health, so addressing these factors is critical for overall success.