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PT663 > Autonomic Nervous System and CVP function > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous System and CVP function Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system involved in controlling blood pressure?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

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2
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system affect blood pressure?

A

It increases heart rate (positive chronotropy) and contractility (positive inotropy), leading to increased cardiac output and higher blood pressure.

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3
Q

What is the role of the parasympathetic nervous system in blood pressure regulation?

A

It decreases heart rate and contractility, which lowers stroke volume and cardiac output, resulting in decreased blood pressure.

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4
Q

What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system?

A

To provide perfusion by delivering oxygenated blood to tissues.

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5
Q

What are the determinants of blood pressure?

A

Cardiac output (stroke volume and heart rate), peripheral vascular resistance, blood volume, blood viscosity, and elasticity of blood vessel walls.

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6
Q

What is the relationship between stroke volume and blood pressure?

A

An increase in stroke volume leads to an increase in blood pressure.

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7
Q

How does peripheral vascular resistance affect blood pressure?

A

Higher peripheral vascular resistance (vasoconstriction) increases blood pressure, while lower resistance (vasodilation) decreases blood pressure.

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8
Q

What centers in the medulla control the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

A

The cardiac accelerator center (activates sympathetic) and the cardiac inhibitory center (activates parasympathetic).

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9
Q

Where are baroreceptors located, and what is their function?

A

Baroreceptors are located in the carotid sinus and aortic arch, and they sense blood pressure changes.

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10
Q

What happens to baroreceptor firing when blood pressure increases?

A

The firing rate of baroreceptors increases with higher blood pressure, which sends signals to the central nervous system to adjust blood pressure accordingly.

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11
Q

Describe the response of the autonomic nervous system to decreased blood pressure.

A

Baroreceptor firing decreases, leading to reduced parasympathetic activity (increased heart rate) and increased sympathetic activity (vasoconstriction), raising blood pressure.

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12
Q

Describe the response of the autonomic nervous system to increased blood pressure.

A

Baroreceptor firing increases, activating the parasympathetic system (decreasing heart rate and contractility) and inhibiting the sympathetic system (reducing peripheral resistance), lowering blood pressure.

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13
Q

What is perfusion, and why is it important?

A

Perfusion is the delivery of oxygenated blood to tissues; it’s essential for maintaining cellular function and overall health.

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14
Q

What is the role of the vagus nerve in heart regulation?

A

The vagus nerve activates the parasympathetic nervous system, which decreases heart rate and contractility.

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15
Q

What is the normal body temperature range for humans?

A

97 to 99 degrees Fahrenheit (approximately 36.1 to 37.2 degrees Celsius).

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16
Q

Why is it crucial to maintain body temperature within the normal range?

A

It ensures that normal metabolism occurs and that the body functions adequately.

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17
Q

What happens to the body if thermoregulation fails?

A

The body may not function properly and can ultimately lead to expiration.

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18
Q

What are thermoreceptors and what is their role?

A

Thermoreceptors sense changes in body temperature and compare it to the set point in the hypothalamus.

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19
Q

Where are thermoreceptors located in the body?

A

In the skin and the preoptic area of the hypothalamus.

20
Q

What is the function of warm-sensitive neurons in the hypothalamus?

A

They activate the parasympathetic system to cause vasodilation and activate sweat glands, promoting heat dissipation.

21
Q

How do cold-sensitive neurons in the hypothalamus respond to decreased body temperature?

A

They activate the sympathetic system to cause vasoconstriction, minimizing heat loss.

22
Q

Describe the response when body temperature increases above the hypothalamic set point.

A

The heat-loss center is activated, leading to dilation of skin blood vessels and activation of sweat glands, which dissipates heat.

23
Q

What occurs when body temperature decreases below the hypothalamic set point?

A

The heat-promoting center is activated, causing constriction of skin blood vessels and activation of skeletal muscles to generate heat (shivering).

24
Q

What are the two main centers in the hypothalamus that regulate body temperature?

A

The heat-loss center and the heat-promoting center.

25
Q

How does the body respond to fever?

A

The body temperature rises above normal, and mechanisms for heat dissipation may be impaired, leading to decreased overall function.

26
Q

What role does the preoptic area of the hypothalamus play in thermoregulation?

A

It contains thermoreceptors that help compare the body’s temperature with the hypothalamic set point.

27
Q

What physiological changes occur during shivering?

A

Skeletal muscles are activated to generate heat, increasing body temperature back to normal.

28
Q

What mechanism helps to cool the body down during excessive heat?

A

Sweating and vasodilation of blood vessels help dissipate heat.

29
Q

What is the primary function of energy systems in the body?

A

To provide ATP for daily activities and physiological processes.

30
Q

What are the two main factors involved in energy homeostasis?

A

Energy intake (food consumption) and energy expenditure (physiological processes and exercise).

31
Q

Which two systems primarily control energy metabolism?

A

Hormonal systems and neural systems.

32
Q

How does glucose play a role in energy metabolism?

A

Glucose is a key determinant of energy intake and output, influencing feeding behavior and energy expenditure.

33
Q

What happens to glucose after food is ingested?

A

It is absorbed into the GI tract, enters circulation, and is sent to the liver for glucose production.

34
Q

What role do incretins play in glucose metabolism?

A

Incretins stimulate the release of insulin in two phases, suppressing glucose production and inhibiting glucagon release.

35
Q

What is the traditional view of food intake regulation?

A

Controlled primarily by glucoreceptors comparing arterial and venous blood glucose levels.

36
Q

What is the contemporary view of energy balance in the body?

A

A complex network involving multiple systems, particularly the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus.

37
Q

What are orexigenic neurons, and what do they do?

A

Appetite stimulants in the arcuate nucleus, including Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and Agouti-related Peptide (AgRP).

38
Q

What are anorexigenic neurons and their function?

A

Appetite suppressants controlled by Proopiomelanocortin (POMC), leading to reduced feeding behavior.

39
Q

Which hormones influence the activity of orexigenic and anorexigenic neurons?

A

Leptin, PYY, ghrelin, and insulin.

40
Q

What role does leptin play in energy metabolism?

A

It reduces feeding behavior and helps inhibit obesity.

41
Q

How does exercise affect appetite and energy metabolism?

A

Acute exercise can temporarily suppress appetite and decrease ghrelin levels while increasing PYY levels.

42
Q

What is the effect of exercise on insulin resistance?

A

Exercise reduces insulin resistance, improving glucose metabolism.

43
Q

What is the role of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) in exercise?

A

BDNF plays a crucial role in memory and learning, which is enhanced by exercise.

44
Q

How does aerobic exercise impact motor learning, according to research?

A

Aerobic exercise post-practice can improve performance and reduce error in motor tasks over time.

45
Q

Why is it important for physical therapists to understand energy metabolism?

A

They can educate and modify environmental and individual factors affecting patients’ energy intake and expenditure.

46
Q

What metabolic disorders can arise from energy metabolism failures?

A

Obesity and type II diabetes mellitus.

PT663 (22 decks)

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