Childhood Obesity Flashcards
What is the focus of the first segment on pediatric obesity?
The history and current condition of pediatric obesity in the United States.
What survey collects data on obesity trends among US adults?
The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey (BRFSS).
How is obesity defined for adults in the BRFSS?
A BMI of 30 or above, equivalent to about 30 pounds overweight for a person who is 5’4”.
What color represents states with an obesity prevalence of 10% to 14% in the BRFSS data?
Dark blue.
What trend in adult obesity was observed from 1990 to 2010?
A significant increase in the prevalence of obesity among US adults.
What new category was introduced in obesity data in 1997?
A prevalence of obesity greater than 20%.
What percentage of adults were identified as obese in some states by 2005?
Over 30%.
What is the obesity prevalence among US adults according to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1999 to 2016?
It increased from about 30% to potentially up to 39%.
What is the current obesity prevalence among youths aged 2 to 19?
18.5%.
Which age group of children has the lowest obesity prevalence according to the recent data?
2- to 5-year-olds (approximately 13-14%).
How has the obesity trend changed from the 1960s to the early 2000s for children?
A significant increase in obesity prevalence from below 5% to potentially up to the teens or 20s.
What is the obesity prevalence among boys and girls in elementary school age (6-11 years)?
Boys have a higher prevalence of obesity compared to girls.
How does household income affect obesity prevalence among children?
Families below 130% of the federal poverty level show a higher prevalence of obesity compared to families above 350%.
What is the difference between overweight and obesity in adults?
Overweight is typically defined as 10-20% above ideal weight, while obesity is over 20%.
How is BMI calculated?
Weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.
What BMI range is considered healthy?
18.5 to 24.9.
What are the BMI classifications for children based on percentiles?
Overweight is above the 85th percentile and obesity is above the 95th percentile.
Why is BMI alone sometimes insufficient for assessing obesity in children?
It may not account for muscle mass, particularly in athletes.
What alternative measurements can be used to assess obesity in children?
Waist circumference, body composition analysis, and fitness performance metrics.
What is one characteristic of the obesity epidemic in children?
Decreased physical education in schools.
How often are physical education classes currently offered in some schools?
They may be offered quarterly or a couple of times a week, rather than daily.
What is an example of a beneficial after-school program aimed at promoting physical activity?
Girls on the Run.
How does screen time contribute to obesity in children?
It includes time spent on video games, watching television, or using social media, not related to schoolwork.
What is urban sprawl and how does it impact children’s physical activity?
Urban sprawl can decrease outdoor play opportunities and accessibility to safe play areas.
What role do parents play in children’s physical activity levels?
If parents are not exercising, children may be less likely to engage in physical activity themselves.
What percentage of children aged 6 to 17 did not engage in any vigorous physical activity for 20 minutes in the 2016 National Survey of Children’s Health?
About 9%.
What percentage of children engaged in vigorous physical activity for 4 to 6 days a week according to the same survey?
Approximately 28-29%.
How do boys and girls differ in terms of vigorous physical activity participation?
Males tend to engage in more vigorous physical activity than females, especially during the school years.
What trend is observed in physical activity levels as children age from 6-11 years to 12-17 years?
Physical activity levels tend to decrease as children transition to their teenage years.
What is the recommendation for daily physical activity for high school students?
60 minutes of physical activity that raises the heart rate and breathing rate.
What are some contributing factors to the obesity epidemic in children?
Cafeteria choices, vending machine income, advertising unhealthy food options, and food accessibility issues.
How does the food accessibility issue contribute to childhood obesity?
Limited access to fresh, healthy food choices in some neighborhoods can lead to poorer dietary habits.
What is “portion distortion”?
The trend of increasing portion sizes over time, leading to larger servings of food than what is considered standard.
What study showed the effects of portion sizes on dietary habits?
A study found that standard portions of pasta may be four times the recommended serving size.
What is a potential solution for managing portion sizes in restaurants?
Taking home uneaten portions to create multiple meals.
How can public policy influence childhood obesity rates?
Changes in school lunch guidelines and after-school program funding can affect children’s access to healthy foods and activities.
What is the focus of the systems review in relation to obesity?
It examines the complications of obesity across various body systems and the importance of promoting health in children and adults.
What are some major health risks associated with obesity?
Higher risk of stroke, Type II diabetes, heart disease, colon cancer, osteoarthritis, and liver disease.
Name a pediatric orthopedic disorder linked to increased BMI.
Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (SCFE).
What is SCFE?
condition where the growth plate becomes unstable, causing the femoral head to slip off the femoral neck.
How is SCFE commonly illustrated?
It’s often described as “ice cream slipping off a cone” to help remember the condition.
What is Blount’s disease?
A disorder of ossification at the medial aspect of the proximal tibia that causes bowing of the legs.
How can obesity affect spine health in children?
Increased weight can lead to insufficient bone density, increasing the risk of compression fractures and back pain.
Why are children with obesity at higher risk for fractures?
Increased mass leads to greater force during falls, and decreased bone density contributes to fracture risk.
How does obesity impact gait in children?
Children with obesity may walk more slowly, have increased stance time, and a wider base of support.
What cardiovascular issues can arise in obese children?
Early markers of cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and metabolic syndrome.
What pulmonary complication is associated with obesity in children?
An increased risk of obstructive sleep apnea due to fatty tissue around the neck.
What skin condition is associated with obesity?
Acanthosis nigricans, characterized by velvety thickened skin in body creases.
How can obesity affect the gastrointestinal system?
Increased risk of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), gallstones, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
What endocrine issue is linked to obesity in children?
Disruption in satiety hormones, leading to overeating.
What psychological factors are influenced by obesity?
Self-esteem issues, quality of life, depression, and anxiety.
How might obesity and depression relate to each other?
Obesity can lead to social isolation and low self-esteem, contributing to depression; conversely, depression may lead to decreased physical activity and unhealthy eating.
What is a common physical consequence of obesity on a child’s quality of life?
Poorer social relationships and reduced participation in sports or physical activities.
What role do physical therapists play in addressing pediatric obesity?
They intervene in the healthcare system, focusing on observational screening and assessment of gait, endurance, and exercise responses in children.
How might gait patterns differ in children with obesity?
Children may exhibit a wider base of support and decreased gait speed compared to their peers.
Why is it important to assess endurance in children with obesity?
To determine if they can participate in community activities and keep up with peers, which is crucial for physical activity engagement.
What considerations should be made when conducting clinical exercise testing in children?
Equipment size, treadmill safety, appropriate testing protocols, and the child’s ability to understand maximal effort.
What is a challenge when using exercise testing protocols for children?
Children may require longer increments for testing (2-3 minutes) and may not accurately communicate their maximal effort.
What tool can help assess perceived exertion in children during exercise?
The OMNI scale, which uses pictures to depict levels of effort, making it easier for children to express how hard they feel they are working.
How do children’s exercise responses differ from adults’?
Children have higher resting heart rates, higher respiratory rates, lower baseline blood pressure, and recover more quickly from exercise.
Why is it essential to understand a child’s physical activity level in relation to obesity?
It helps in creating tailored interventions to promote healthy weight management and encourage participation in physical activities.
What are some potential musculoskeletal complications of obesity in children?
Conditions like SCFE, Blount’s disease, compression fractures, and increased risk of non-traumatic fractures.
What physiological aspect contributes to the higher risk of injury in obese children?
Increased body mass can lead to greater forces during falls, resulting in a higher risk of fractures and injuries.
What is the role of physical therapists in addressing pediatric obesity?
Physical therapists can intervene by promoting physical activity, improving health behaviors, and addressing complications associated with obesity.
What health benefits are associated with regular physical activity in children and adolescents?
Benefits include improved bone health, reduced fracture risk, improved weight status, cardiovascular and muscle fitness, better cardiometabolic health, improved cognition, and reduced risk of depression.
What are the physical activity recommendations for preschool-age children (3-5 years old)?
Preschoolers should be physically active throughout the day with caregivers promoting active play through games, obstacle courses, and family activities.
How much physical activity should school-age children and adolescents (6-17 years old) engage in daily?
They should engage in about an hour of moderate to vigorous activity each day, including aerobic activity, muscle-strengthening, and bone-strengthening exercises at least three days a week.
What factors should be considered when structuring a physical activity program for children?
Factors include the individual child’s interests and energy levels, interpersonal influences (family and caregivers), the environment (school and community resources), and societal influences and public policy.
What is the ecological systems theory in relation to promoting physical activity?
The ecological systems theory considers the individual, interpersonal relationships, environmental factors, and societal influences that affect health behaviors and preferences for physical activity.
Why is it important to educate family members about physical activity recommendations for children?
Family members, including parents and caregivers, are primary influences on a child’s physical activity levels and can help reinforce healthy behaviors.
How can schools contribute to increasing physical activity among children?
Schools can offer opportunities for physical activity throughout the day, provide clubs or sports activities, and create an environment conducive to active play.
What are some examples of bone-strengthening activities for children?
High-impact activities such as jumping, running, and sports that involve weight-bearing movements.
How can health practitioners advocate for societal change regarding pediatric obesity?
By promoting policies that enhance access to physical activity resources and creating awareness about the importance of maintaining a healthy weight among children.
