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PT663 > Autonomic Nervous System and Volitional Movement > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous System and Volitional Movement Flashcards

1
Q

What role does the autonomic nervous system (ANS) play in voluntary actions?

A

The ANS is crucial for regulating physiological processes that support voluntary movements and physical activity.

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2
Q

What is the relationship between muscles, blood supply, and energy during physical activity?

A

Muscles require adequate blood supply, oxygen, and energy for contraction, and these processes are interdependent and controlled by the central nervous system (CNS).

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3
Q

What are the two main components of the central nervous system (CNS)?

A

The somatic nervous system (activates muscles for movement) and the autonomic nervous system (regulates physiological functions).

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4
Q

How does the ANS contribute to cardiorespiratory regulation?

A

The ANS ensures blood and oxygen reach exercising muscles and regulates energy metabolism to balance energy intake and expenditure.

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5
Q

Why is maintaining physiological processes important during physical activity?

A

It supports muscle function and maintains vital signs within a safe physiological range, preventing harmful conditions like stroke or heart attack.

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6
Q

How does inactivity affect the body according to the lecture?

A

Inactivity leads to deconditioning, resulting in changes in cardiorespiratory and energy systems, requiring rehabilitation of these systems.

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7
Q

What are the three main branches of the autonomic nervous system?

A

The sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric divisions.

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8
Q

What are the primary functions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

A

The sympathetic nervous system supports “fight or flight” responses, while the parasympathetic nervous system promotes “rest and digest” activities.

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9
Q

What is the enteric nervous system and how does it relate to the ANS?

A

The enteric nervous system independently controls gastrointestinal functions but can be modulated by the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.

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10
Q

How do the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems innervate organs?

A

Each organ receives input from both systems, allowing for dual control and modulation of physiological responses.

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11
Q

Where are the sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia primarily located?

A

Sympathetic ganglia are in the thoracolumbar segments of the spinal cord, while parasympathetic ganglia originate from the brain stem and sacral segments.

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12
Q

How do the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems affect heart contraction?

A

The sympathetic nervous system increases heart contraction rate, while the parasympathetic nervous system decreases it.

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13
Q

Why is it important to understand how different organs are modulated by the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?

A

This understanding aids in comprehending how physiological responses are controlled and can be referenced for clinical applications.

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14
Q

What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

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15
Q

How many neurons are involved in the autonomic nervous system circuitry?

A

Two neurons: pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic

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16
Q

Where are the pre-ganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system located?

A

In the thoracolumbar segments (T1 to L2 or L3) of the spinal cord.

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17
Q

What neurotransmitter is released at the synapse between pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic neurons?

A

Acetylcholine.

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18
Q

What is the main neurotransmitter for post-ganglionic neurons in the sympathetic system?

A

Norepinephrine (with some exceptions like sweat glands).

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19
Q

What types of receptors are associated with acetylcholine in the autonomic nervous system?

A

Nicotinic receptors (on post-ganglionic neurons) and muscarinic receptors (on effector organs).

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20
Q

What are the neurotransmitters critical for the functioning of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Norepinephrine, epinephrine, and acetylcholine.

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21
Q

Where are the pre-ganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system located?

A

In the brain stem and sacral segments (S2 to S4)

22
Q

What is the craniosacral outflow?

A

The term referring to the parasympathetic nervous system’s origin from cranial and sacral nerves.

23
Q

What is the primary function of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

To drive the ‘fight or flight’ response.

24
Q

What is the primary function of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

To engage in ‘rest and digest’ phenomena.

25
Q

What type of neurons are present in the somatic nervous system?

A

A single neuron projecting from the spinal cord to the skeletal muscle.

26
Q

What are the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia?

A

Locations of post-ganglionic neurons in the sympathetic nervous system.

27
Q

What is the central autonomic network?

A

A group of brain regions within the central nervous system that controls the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, coordinating their actions on various physiological variables.

28
Q

Where do the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems originate?

A

The sympathetic system originates from the thoracolumbar outflow, while the parasympathetic system comes from the craniosacral outflow.

29
Q

What are the two main responses initiated by the central autonomic network?

A

The fight or flight response (sympathetic) and the rest and digest response (parasympathetic).

30
Q

Which brain region is a key part of the central autonomic network?

A

The hypothalamus.

31
Q

How does the hypothalamus relate to the thalamus?

A

The hypothalamus is located inferior and anterior to the thalamus.

32
Q

What are the five important roles of the hypothalamus summarized as “five Fs and one S”?

A
  1. Food metabolism
  2. Furnace (body temperature)
  3. Fight response
  4. Flight response
  5. Fornication (reproductive behaviors)
  6. Sleep-wake cycle (the S).
33
Q

What is the role of the amygdala in the central autonomic network?

A

The amygdala controls emotional responses and influences hypothalamic activity based on emotional states.

34
Q

What structures are involved in cardiovascular and respiratory control in the medulla?

A

The cardiovascular and respiratory centers, the nucleus of solitary tract, and the dorsal motor nucleus of vagus.

35
Q

How can the neocortex influence the autonomic nervous system?

A

Through conscious control methods like breathing exercises and mindfulness, allowing individuals to regulate heart rate and blood pressure.

36
Q

Which part of the cortex is essential for cognitive control over autonomic responses?

A

The prefrontal cortex, which is involved in problem-solving and rational thinking.

37
Q

What is the relationship between the spinal cord and the autonomic nervous system?

A

The spinal cord carries efferent outputs from both the sympathetic (thoracolumbar) and parasympathetic (craniosacral) systems.

38
Q

How do cognitive and emotional inputs affect the autonomic nervous system?

A

The hypothalamus integrates emotional input from the amygdala and cingulate cortex, as well as cognitive input from the prefrontal cortex, regulating autonomic responses accordingly.

39
Q

What is the main function of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)?

A

Homeostasis, the ability to maintain internal balance by adjusting physiological processes.

40
Q

How does the ANS maintain homeostasis?

A

By balancing the actions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

41
Q

What are the two branches of the ANS?

A

The sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.

42
Q

What does upregulating the sympathetic nervous system typically do?

A

It prepares the body for “fight or flight” responses.

43
Q

What is a negative feedback loop in the context of homeostasis?

A

A process where a stimulus is sensed, sent to a control center, which initiates an effector response to normalize the stimulus.

44
Q

How does the body regulate temperature through negative feedback?

A

Sensors detect temperature changes, signal the brain, which activates sweat glands to cool the body when temperature is too high.

45
Q

What is the reflex arc in the autonomic nervous system?

A

A pathway that includes a sensory receptor, afferent nerve fiber, synapse, and effector that responds to a stimulus.

46
Q

How does the autonomic reflex arc differ from somatic reflexes?

A

The autonomic reflex arc consists of two neurons (preganglionic and postganglionic), whereas somatic reflexes involve only one neuron.

47
Q

What are some examples of autonomic reflexes?

A

Baroreceptor reflex, micturition reflex, peristalsis reflex.

48
Q

What role do baroreceptors play in blood pressure regulation?

A

They sense stretch in the aorta and carotid arteries to help regulate blood pressure through autonomic responses.

49
Q

What types of sensory receptors are involved in autonomic reflexes?

A

Mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, nociceptors, and thermoreceptors.

50
Q

How do pupils respond to light changes?

A

Pupils dilate in low light via sympathetic activation and constrict in bright light via parasympathetic activation.

51
Q

What are some disorders associated with autonomic nervous system disruption?

A

Hypertension, orthostatic hypotension, autonomic dysreflexia, neurogenic bladder, and Horner’s syndrome.

PT663 (22 decks)

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