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PT663 > Ethics > Flashcards

Ethics Flashcards

1
Q

What common themes are found in the values of physical therapy and other medical professions?

A

Accountability, integrity, social responsibility, and excellence.

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2
Q

How is ethics defined?

A

A system of beliefs and behaviors that guide conduct based on what people value

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3
Q

What is descriptive ethics?

A

A form of ethics that describes how people behave in ethical situations without judging their choices, acknowledging cultural and historical differences.

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4
Q

What is normative ethics?

A

A form of ethics that prescribes what people should or should not do in ethical situations, judging behavior based on societal standards.

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5
Q

What does moral psychology study?

A

The development of moral reasoning through intellectual growth, self-awareness, and understanding one’s place in society.

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6
Q

What is applied ethics?

A

Professional or practical ethics that utilizes general ethical theories, moral reasoning, and professional codes of conduct to make decisions and solve problems.

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7
Q

Why is moral courage important in applied ethics?

A

It represents the ability to stand up and do the right thing, even when it’s difficult.

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8
Q

What does it mean for applied ethics to be care-based?

A

It keeps the relationship with the patient central while balancing emotional commitment and fiduciary responsibility.

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9
Q

What progression does moral reasoning follow as one develops professionally?

A

From doing what one is told, to focusing on self-interest, to obeying the law, to understanding and balancing the needs of others with one’s own.

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10
Q

How does moral reasoning evolve as one gains experience in the profession?

A

It progresses from self-centered reasoning to a more rational and impartial consideration of all actors’ needs in ethical situations.

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11
Q

What does the sliding continuum in moral reasoning illustrate?

A

It illustrates the shift from simplistic compliance to complex decision-making that considers the needs of both oneself and others.

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12
Q

What resources does the APTA provide to guide ethical decision-making for physical therapists?

A

The APTA provides a code of ethics, core values, a normative model of expected behavior, CAPTE criteria for professional ethics, and ethical guidelines within the clinical performance instrument.

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13
Q

What are the core values of the physical therapy profession according to the APTA?

A

Accountability, altruism, compassion, excellence, integrity, professional duty, and social responsibility.

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14
Q

When was the code of ethics for physical therapists adopted by the APTA House of Delegates?

A

In 2009.

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15
Q

What is the role of the code of ethics in physical therapy?

A

It defines ethical principles, sets standards of behavior and performance, and provides accountability for the profession, guiding therapists in ethical challenges.

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16
Q

How does the APTA code of ethics inform the public?

A

It describes what can be expected from physical therapists, helping to establish accountability and trust.

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17
Q

How does the APTA code of ethics differ from state laws regarding physical therapy?

A

The code of ethics serves as ethical guidance but is not specifically referenced in state laws, which govern the legal obligations of physical therapists.

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18
Q

What is the significance of the word “shall” in the APTA code of ethics?

A

“Shall” indicates an expectation that all physical therapists will adhere to the principles stated in the code, making compliance mandatory.

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19
Q

What does Principle 1 of the APTA code of ethics state?

A

Physical therapists shall respect the inherent dignity and rights of all individuals, regardless of their background or life choices.

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20
Q

What does Principle 2 of the APTA code of ethics emphasize?

A

Physical therapists shall be trustworthy and compassionate, addressing the rights and needs of patients and clients.

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21
Q

According to Principle 3, what is expected of physical therapists regarding professional judgment?

A

Physical therapists shall be accountable for making sound professional judgments.

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22
Q

What does Principle 4 of the APTA code of ethics address?

A

Physical therapists shall demonstrate integrity in their relationships with patients, clients, and colleagues.

23
Q

What obligation does Principle 5 impose on physical therapists?

A

Physical therapists shall fulfill their legal and professional obligations.

24
Q

What does Principle 6 state about the professional development of physical therapists?

A

Physical therapists shall enhance their expertise through lifelong learning and refinement of skills.

25
Q

What is the focus of Principle 7 in the APTA code of ethics?

A

Physical therapists shall promote organizational behaviors and business practices that benefit patients, clients, and society.

26
Q

What does Principle 8 encourage physical therapists to do?

A

Physical therapists shall participate in efforts to meet the health needs of people locally, nationally, and globally.

27
Q

How are the APTA core values integrated into the code of ethics?

A

The core values of accountability, altruism, compassion, excellence, integrity, professional duty, and social responsibility are reflected throughout the principles of the code of ethics.

28
Q

What laws govern the practice of physical therapy?

A

Physical therapy practice is governed by both federal laws (like the False Claims Act and Anti-Kickback Statute) and state laws, including each state’s Practice Act.

29
Q

What is the False Claims Act?

A

The False Claims Act allows private citizens to sue individuals or entities that defraud the government, with provisions for whistleblower protection and does not require proof of intent to defraud.

30
Q

What does the Anti-Kickback Statute prohibit?

A

The Anti-Kickback Statute prohibits the payment of kickbacks, bribes, or rebates for the referral of Medicare or Medicaid patients.

31
Q

What are the Stark laws?

A

The Stark laws prohibit physicians from self-referring Medicare and Medicaid patients to entities in which they have a financial interest, including specific health services like physical therapy.

32
Q

Why is it important to know your state’s Practice Act?

A

Each state’s Practice Act defines legal obligations and the limits of practice for physical therapists, which can vary from state to state.

33
Q

What are some examples of fraud, waste, and abuse in physical therapy?

A

Examples include fraudulent diagnoses to increase visits, falsifying medical records, billing for unrendered services, and waiving patient co-pays or deductibles.

34
Q

How can waiving a patient’s deductible be considered fraud?

A

Waiving a deductible breaches the contract with the insurance company regarding the agreed payment for services, thus constituting fraud.

35
Q

What does “unbundling” mean in the context of insurance billing?

A

Unbundling refers to itemizing charges that should be billed as a bundled amount, in order to receive a higher reimbursement than what is contractually agreed upon.

36
Q

What are the potential consequences of engaging in fraud, waste, and abuse?

A

Consequences can include criminal and civil penalties, exclusion from seeing Medicare patients, and insurance companies withholding payments or conducting audits.

37
Q

How does the profession self-police against fraud?

A

The profession encourages self-regulation, adherence to professional values and ethics, and education of consumers about acceptable practices and charges.

38
Q

What protections exist for whistleblowers in the context of fraud in healthcare?

A

Federal acts provide protection and easier access for whistleblowers to report wrongdoing without fear of retaliation.

39
Q

What is the purpose of educating consumers about fraud, waste, and abuse?

A

Educating consumers helps them understand what to expect regarding charges and services, thus promoting transparency and accountability within the healthcare system.

40
Q

What is the purpose of the ethical decision-making model discussed?

A

It helps analyze ethical dilemmas or decisions by categorizing them into a continuum from unethical to ethical and legal to illegal.

41
Q

What are the four quadrants of the ethical continuum?

A
  1. Unethical and illegal
  2. Unethical but legal
  3. Ethical and legal
  4. Ethical but illegal
42
Q

What does RIPS stand for in the ethical decision-making model?

A

Realm, Individual process, and Ethical situation.

43
Q

How do we define the ‘realm’ in RIPS?

A

The realm can be individual (relationship between two people), organizational (impact on the institution), or societal (larger societal impact).

44
Q

What does the ‘individual process’ involve?

A

It involves assessing what the situation requires of the individual, including moral sensitivity, moral judgment, moral motivation, and moral courage.

45
Q

What is the difference between an ethical issue and an ethical dilemma?

A

An ethical issue involves challenged values, while an ethical dilemma involves two right answers or two courses of action that fulfill an important duty.

46
Q

Define ethical distress.

A

Ethical distress occurs when an individual knows the right course of action but is unable to take it due to barriers.

47
Q

What is ethical temptation?

A

Ethical temptation refers to a choice between right and wrong where choosing the wrong option might offer a personal benefit.

48
Q

Describe ethical silence.

A

Ethical silence occurs when ethical values are challenged but no one speaks up to address the issue.

49
Q

What questions should be asked when gathering information about an ethical situation?

A

Consider relevant facts, stakeholders, possible consequences, relevant laws, professional resources, and if any of the five tests for right versus wrong apply.

50
Q

What are the five tests for determining right versus wrong?

A
  1. Legal Test - Is it illegal?
  2. PU Test - Does it feel wrong?
  3. Front Page Test - Would I be embarrassed if my decision was public?
  4. Mom/Dad Test - How would my parents react?
  5. Professional Ethics Test - Does it align with professional ethics?
51
Q

What is the final step in the RIPS decision-making process?

A

Reflect on and evaluate the outcome of the action taken, reassess if it was effective, and learn from the experience.

52
Q

Why is it important to check with the state licensing board regarding ethical concerns?

A

Each state has specific procedures for reporting ethical concerns within the profession.

53
Q

What should physical therapists know to execute their roles effectively?

A

Knowledge of the APTA code of ethics, state practice act, CMS conditions of participation, and the RIPS framework is essential for ethical practice.

PT663 (22 decks)

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