LAB CVP and Surface Anatomy

Question 1

What is the most inferior part of the sternum?

Answer 1

The xiphoid process.

Question 2

What is the costal margin?

Answer 2

The bottom edge of the rib cage where the right and left ribs meet in the center.

Question 3

How are ribs categorized?

Answer 3

Ribs 1-7 are true ribs (articulate directly with the sternum), and ribs 8-10 are false ribs (articulate with the sternum via combined costal cartilage).

Question 4

What is the significance of the first intercostal space?

Answer 4

It is located inferior to the first rib, and intercostal spaces are named for the ribs above them.

Question 5

Where does the second rib align in relation to the sternum?

Answer 5

The second rib aligns with the sternal angle.

Question 6

What is the starting point for palpating the posterior thoracic structures?

Answer 6

The base of the neck at the spinous process of the seventh cervical vertebrae.

Question 7

How can you confirm the location of the seventh cervical vertebrae?

Answer 7

By asking the client to look up and down, feeling the movement of the spinous processes.

Question 8

What is the anatomical relationship between the thoracic vertebrae and their spinous processes?

Answer 8

The spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae are one to two levels inferior to the body of the thoracic vertebrae.

Question 9

What landmarks help identify the thoracic vertebrae on the posterior thorax?

Answer 9

The inferior angle of the scapula lines up with the spinous process of the seventh thoracic vertebra, and the superior angle lines up with the spinous process of the second thoracic vertebra.

Question 10

What is the relationship between the inferior angle of the scapula and the thoracic spine?

Answer 10

The inferior angle of the scapula aligns with the spinous process of the seventh thoracic vertebra.

Question 11

How can you count down the thoracic vertebrae using the palpation technique?

Answer 11

By feeling the bumps (spinous processes) and valleys (interspinous spaces) as you move inferiorly.

Question 12

What structure does T10 correlate with in the thorax?

Answer 12

T10 corresponds to the location of the diaphragm’s attachment.

Question 13

What do you feel when you palpate down the spine from T7 to T10?

Answer 13

A pattern of bumps (spinous processes) and valleys (interspinous spaces).

Question 14

What anatomical feature forms from the spine of the scapula?

Answer 14

The acromion process, which articulates with the clavicle.

Question 15

What is the anatomical significance of the spinous process of the second thoracic vertebra?

Answer 15

It aligns with the superior angle of the scapula.

Question 16

What happens to the lungs during inhalation and exhalation?

Answer 16

The lungs expand during inhalation and collapse during exhalation.

Question 17

What is the midline structure that branches into the right and left main bronchus?

Answer 17

The trachea.

Question 18

What are the two main parts of the lungs when viewed anteriorly?

Answer 18

The apex (upper part) and the base (lower part).

Question 19

How is the left lung divided?

Answer 19

The left lung has a superior (upper) lobe and a smaller inferior (lower) lobe, separated by the oblique fissure.

Question 20

What is notable about the posterior view of the lungs?

Answer 20

Most of the posterior view is occupied by the inferior lobe, with very little visible of the upper lobe.

Question 21

How many lobes does the right lung have, and what are they?

Answer 21

The right lung has three lobes: the upper lobe, middle lobe, and lower lobe.

Question 22

What separates the lobes of the right lung?

Answer 22

The horizontal fissure separates the upper lobe from the middle lobe, and the oblique fissure separates the middle lobe from the lower lobe.

Question 23

Where is the base of the lung located?

Answer 23

The base of the lung is at the bottom, near the diaphragm.

Question 24

Which side of the heart is shown in the side view image?

Answer 24

The left side of the heart.

Question 25

What is the orientation of the aortic arch and pulmonary artery trunk in the heart?

Answer 25

The aortic arch is on the top and the pulmonary artery trunk is beneath it.

Question 26

Why is the aortic valve area located on the right side of the sternum?

Answer 26

Because the sound generated by the closure of the aortic valve projects towards the right side of the thorax.

Question 27

Where is the mitral valve located?

Answer 27

Between the left atrium and the left ventricle.

Question 28

What separates the right atrium from the right ventricle?

Answer 28

The tricuspid valve.

Question 29

What is the point of maximal impulse (PMI) of the heart?

Answer 29

It is generally located around the fourth or fifth or sixth intercostal space along the midaxillary line.

Question 30

What anatomical feature corresponds to the apex of the heart?

Answer 30

The apex is where the heart’s point of maximal impact can be felt against the lateral chest wall.

Question 31

What are the key areas to listen for heart sounds?

Answer 31

Aortic area, pulmonic area, mitral area, and tricuspid area.

Question 32

Where is the sternal angle located, and what rib does it correspond to?

Answer 32

The sternal angle is at the level of the second rib.

Question 33

How do you locate the aortic area for listening to heart sounds?

Answer 33

Start at the sternal notch, go down to the sternal angle, then laterally to the second rib, and inferiorly to the second intercostal space.

Question 34

Where is the pulmonic area located?

Answer 34

It is located laterally to the left side of the second intercostal space.

Question 35

How do you locate the tricuspid area?

Answer 35

It is located just lateral to the sternum at the fourth or fifth intercostal space.

Question 36

Where can you find the mitral area?

Answer 36

It is located at the fourth or fifth intercostal space, along the midclavicular line.

Question 37

What three lines are used as landmarks in surface anatomy?

Answer 37

Midclavicular line, sternal line, and anterior axillary line.

Question 38

Where is the apex of the heart located?

Answer 38

At the fourth or fifth intercostal space, just lateral to the midclavicular line.

Question 39

What is the approximate level of the apex of the lungs?

Answer 39

The apex of the lungs is at the level of the clavicle.

Question 40

What is the location of the base of the lung on the anterior aspect?

Answer 40

The base of the lung is at the level of the xiphoid process.

Question 41

How can you determine the base of the lungs posteriorly?

Answer 41

The base of the lungs runs from the xiphoid process around to the spinous process of T10.

Question 42

Where is the inferior angle of the scapula located in relation to the thoracic vertebrae?

Answer 42

It is approximately at the level of the seventh thoracic vertebrae spinous process.

Question 43

How do you locate the dividing line between the lobes of the left lung?

Answer 43

Follow the medial angle of the scapula when the subject elevates their arm.

Question 44

What additional lobe is present in the right lung?

Answer 44

The right lung has an additional middle lobe

Question 45

How do you identify the fissure that divides the upper and middle lobes of the right lung?

Answer 45

It is located at about the level of the fifth or sixth rib.

Question 46

Which lung lobe is primarily visible on the anterior aspect of the left lung?

Answer 46

The upper lobe.

Question 47

Which lobes are visible on the anterior aspect of the right lung?

Answer 47

The upper lobe and the middle lobe, with very little of the inferior lobe visible.