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self and identity Flashcards

1
Q

what is self-concept

A

mental representation of yourself

  • how you define yourself
  • social, goals, values, abilities, beliefs
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2
Q

what is distinctiveness theory

A

people tend to think of the ways they are special and different from others

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3
Q

what is self-recognition

A

the idea someone can be aware of themselves (self-awareness, self-consciousness)
-used to think humans were only species with this, now know this is not true (found in elephants, apes, dolphins, and more)

ex. dogs do not have this so freak out when in mirror

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4
Q

what is MARK test

A

mirror self recognition test

-used to test ability to self recognize

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5
Q

age 0-1 in development in self concept

A

recognizing self v. not self, physical self in environment

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6
Q

age 2-4 in development in self concept

A

work on cognitive self, self-concept includes skills and abilities and self esteem
-want to show off talents

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7
Q

age 5-12 in development in self concept

A

social comparison to others, private self concept

realize you have thoughts and ideas others dont have access to

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8
Q

adolescence in development in self concept

A

peer group is important (reflected appraisal, peers used as social mirror), abstract thought
-who you think you are is reflected by how others view you

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9
Q

adulthood in development in self concept

A

internalizing societal expectations

-expectations of certain roles in society influence self-concept

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10
Q

how can cultures influence self-concept

A

cultures differ in extent they emphasize individualism and collectivism

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11
Q

what is individualism

A

uniqueness of individual is important, a person is distinct from group, self-reliance and independence are important

-US

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12
Q

what is collectivism

A

focuses on group, person is a part of group, emphasizes harmony and cooperation

-East Asia (japan)

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13
Q

what is independent self-construal

A

self exists independent of others

  • associated with individualist cultures
  • you are your truest self when alone
  • you are you regardless of who you are with
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14
Q

what is interdependent self-construal

A

self includes others

  • associated with collectivist cultures
  • you would share traits with close others in life
  • the self is nothing without others
  • who you are depends on who you’re with and where you are
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15
Q

draw diagrams of independent and interdependent self-construal

A

on paper

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16
Q

explain different cultures in success (surrounding self-concept)

A

US gold medalist credited herself while Japan gold medalist credited coaches, trainers, etc.

17
Q

what are models of agency

A

goal directed behavior

18
Q

what are the two models of agency

A

1) disjoint model of agency

2) cojoint model of agency

19
Q

what is the disjoint model of agency

A

personal attributes are reason for success, seen as independent of others, background, and subjective state
-individualistic cultures

20
Q

what is the cojoint model of agency

A

cannot solely accredit goal directed behavior to personal attributes (happens because of others, background, and subjective state)
-collectivist cultures

21
Q

explain the study that discusses model of agency across cultures (Markus et al)

A

method: national coverage of the 2000 and 2002 olympic athletes in Japan and US was collected and analyzed
- coding for themes in media: personal characteristics, competition, athletic background, others, emotional states, motivational states, reaction to performance

22
Q

explain the results of the study that discusses model of agency across cultures (Markus et al)

A

in Japan more mentions of: others, athletic background, emotional states and reaction to performance (specifically more negative)
in America, more mentions of personal characteristics and the competition

motivational states not significant

23
Q

purpose of self-esteem quiz

A
  • all false

- lots of myths surrounding it

24
Q

what is self-esteem

A

overall positive evaluation of one’s self

  • can be positive or negative
  • does not give any indication of who a person actually is, people can have wrong evaluations
25
explain level of self-esteem (high vs. low)
individual differences variable 1) high self-esteem - favorable self views, more confident and focus on success 2) low self-esteem - lack favorable self views, less confident and focus on avoiding failure - those low in self esteem tend to still have self-esteem levels over the midpoint (overflow of self esteem in US)
26
explain better than average effect
tendency to rate oneself as better than average in various aspects of life
27
better than average example in leadership
70% of HS students rated selves above average in leadership | 2% rated selves as below average
28
better than average example in ability to get along with others
0% below average 60% in top 10% 25% in 1%
29
better than average in business and driving
- 90% of business managers rated their performance as superior to average peer - most drivers (including those in accidents) believe they are safer and more skilled than average driver
30
what is stability of self esteem
extent to which self esteem fluctuates (in moment to moment) | -it is an individual differences variable (stable vs. unstable)
31
what does instability of self-esteem lead to
reactive self esteem leads to poor mental health
32
explain stability of self-esteem in life
- fairly consistent across life | - normative changes, kind of an inverted U, increases as aging, then stable, then decreases
33
explain study of self esteem stability in life
5500 people surveyed in mid adulthood to late adulthood - found self esteem peaks mid age and declines in old age - lower SES contributed to the decline, along with lack of a co-habituating partner, poor health, unemployment, and disability
34
why in the study was women self esteem lower than men
maybe women are less inclined to report higher levels or maybe there are different standards of self-esteem
35
explain old beliefs about self-esteem
theres was once a belief that increase in self esteem would solve problems -so implemented self esteem enhancing programs in school
36
explain study testing self-esteem and academic achievement
students who did poor on midterm, followed them through semester IV (what emails you got daily: 1) control: review questions once a day 2) self esteem group: received emails surrounding self esteem 3) responsibility: take charge of study habits and grades DV: final exam performance results: C students: all did slightly worse on final D-F students: -control group did about the same -responsibility group did slightly worse -self esteem group did a lot worse (opposite of what was expected) so, if you boost self-esteem regardless of performance, performance is disregarded and people do worse -perhaps feeling bad about poor performance will motivate someone to perform better

PY332 (18 decks)

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