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PY332 > intrapsychic foundations: psychoanalytic approach to personality > Flashcards

intrapsychic foundations: psychoanalytic approach to personality Flashcards

1
Q

who originally proposed psychoanalysis

A

Sigmund Freud

  • he was trained as psychiatrist
  • surrounded by controversy: theories lack empirical evidence and are sexist
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2
Q

why still study Freud

A

1) had insight into human psychology
2) history lesson learning about him
3) his theories are influential in US culture (ex. laying down in therapy sessions)

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3
Q

what are the two building blocks of Freud’s theory

A

psychic energy and instincts

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4
Q

what is psychic energy

A

energy of the mind; just as there are different energies in the world, there are different energies of the mind

-law of conservation: energy is neither created nor destroyed, it can only be conserved or change form

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5
Q

what are instincts

A
  • psychic energy is manifested through these
  • similar to impulses (regarding body or mind)
    ex. itching
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6
Q

what can you do with instincts

A

1) satisfy them
2) inhibit instincts
3) turn instincts into something more acceptable

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7
Q

what are the two categories of instincts

A

eros and thanatos

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8
Q

what is eros

A

life instincts, libido

  • concerned with survival of individual
    ex. food, water, etc
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9
Q

what is thanatos

A

death instincts

  • just as humans have life instincts we know we are going to die
    ex. aggression: tendency to harm self or others

people are socialized to hide these instincts, not socially acceptable

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10
Q

what are Freud’s three topographic regions of the mind

A

conscious level, preconscious level, and unconscious level

-referred to as iceberg model, majority of things in mind are under the surface

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11
Q

explain conscious level

A

made up of thoughts and perceptions, current awareness

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12
Q

explain preconscious level

A

made up of memories and stored knowledge, not currently aware but can call to mind

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13
Q

explain unconscious level

A

psychic impulses (sex, aggression), things that make people uncomfortable so pushed to unconscious

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14
Q

research for unconscious level as being a location

A
  • Freud’s theory of this lacks evidence

- there does exist evidence that the unconscious level acts as a process though

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15
Q

is there current research for Freud’s three distinct levels of consciousness

A

no research supports 3 distinct levels of consciousness, but there is research that supports a continuum of consciousness

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16
Q

evidence for importance of unconscious processes

A

-not evidence for the idea the unconscious influencing us in terms of unacceptable desires/impulses, but some unconscious processes are important (ex. priming) and can influence behavior

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17
Q

what does Freud’s model of personality entail

A

3 parts: id, ego and superego

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18
Q

what is the id

A

instinctual energy, reflexes and urges

  • primary process thinking: make decisions without rules or conscious thought
  • pleasure principle: id wants what it wants when it wants it
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19
Q

what are the two ways to satisfy the id

A

1) reflex action: id seeks immediate gratification through physical action
2) wish fulfillment: through daydream/fantasy, imagining what it wants

20
Q

what is the ego

A

tries to match the ids impulses with the constraints of reality

  • decides if id will be satisfied
  • secondary process thinking: logical in nature, cost-benefit
  • reality principle: satisfy id within constrains of reality
  • identification: identify object/action that fulfills wish of id
21
Q

what is the superego

A

contains moral standards, strives for perfection, reward/punish the ego
-as unrealistic as id, but in opposite direction

22
Q

what are the conscience and ego ideal in the super ego

A

conscience: knowledge of what we should not do, learned though previous behaviors in which we receive punishments
ego ideal: knowledge of what to do, learned through experiences with reward

-superego punishes ego via conscience (feelings of shame, guilt and embarrassment), rewards ego through ego ideal (feelings of pride)

23
Q

what did Freud hypothesize about id, ego and superego

A

that they exist in different parts of mind

  • ego and superego are somewhat accessible on a conscious level
  • id is buried in unconscious
24
Q

research evidence for Freud’s model of personality

A

research does not support 3 distinct parts as Freud proposed
-there is evidence to suggest that human behavior is shaped by conflicting forces

ex. desire to do something v. social acceptability

25
Q

what are the 4 ways to access the unconscious

A

psychoanalytic techniques

1) free association
2) dream analysis

leak out by accident

3) parapraxes: says something by accident, but it reveals something
4) symbolic behavior: someone accidentally does something, but it is more meaningful than it appears
ex. “accidentally” spilling drink on someone you are mad at

26
Q

explain free association

A

under relaxation, say whatever comes to mind with no censoring

  • conscious mind is put at ease, so what is revealed is unconscious mind
  • sometimes done with prompts
27
Q

what is accessibility

A

the extent to which concepts are at the forefront of someone’s mind

  • this is what determines interpretation of ambiguous stimuli
    ex. priming
28
Q

explain the activity we did about accessibility

A

Group 1 sees young lady and group 2 sees old lady, then see ambiguous picture and asked to report what they see; reports match initial picture
-Freud says this is shaped by unconscious, but the research backed explanation is accessibility

29
Q

what is dream analysis

A

detailed examination of the content and symbolism of dreams

  • our current view on dreams comes from Freud
  • dreams are “royal road to unconscious”, dreams show unconscious desires
30
Q

difference between manifest and latent content

A

manifest: actual content of dreams
latent: “true” meaning of dream

31
Q

what was the method of the study that gave evidence for Freud dream theory

A

330 participants did dream recall study
-before bed all participants think of two people (crush-someone you do not know with romantic interest and non-crush- someone you are fond of but with no romantic interest)

32
Q

IVs and DVs of the study that gave evidence for Freud dream theory

A

IVs:

1) target person vs. non-target
- some people told crush will be target, others told non-crush will be target for next task
2) pre-sleep thought instructions
1. expression group: write freely about target for 5 mins
2. mention group: briefly mention target, write about something else
3. suppression: do not think about target, write something else

then all participants go to sleep

DVs:

1) write down dream report (analyzed for presence of target)
2) ratings
ex. how frequently was target in dream?

33
Q

results of the study that gave evidence for Freud dream theory

A
  • participants in suppression condition dreamt more about the target person than other two conditions (suppressing someone led to more dreams about them)
  • suppression effect was found regardless of if person was a crush or non-crush
34
Q

how do the results of the dream study compare to Freud and his theory

A

Freud would say crushes should appear more in dream (all about sex/relationships) because dreams are a socially acceptable place for feelings
-research shows it does not matter if crush or non-crush, more of a cognitive process of suppression that predicts people’s dreams

so, in regards to the process Freud was right, but he was not right about hidden wishes or desires

35
Q

what are parapraxes sometimes called

A

Freudian slips

-“mistakes” in speaking

36
Q

evidence for parapraxes

A

no evidence that these give insight to unconscious, verbal errors tend to be result of priming
-cognitive indecision over word choice (using mix of two words that mean nothing)

37
Q

what are defense mechanisms

A

the egos way of dealing with anxiety
-the anxiety is created when the ego feels like dealing with the id’s impulses while keeping the superego happy is too much

38
Q

how can the anxiety manifest in defense mechanisms (Freud)

A

physically or psychologically

-this is known as conversion reaction

39
Q

what is known about defense mechanisms NOW

A

known they are invoked to protect from negative feedback and threats to self image and self esteem
-not immoral impulses like Freud hypothesized

40
Q

what are the 6 defense mechanisms

A

1) reaction formation
2) denial
3) undoing
4) displacement
5) rationalization
6) repression

41
Q

what is reaction formation

A

expressing the opposite of an id impulse

  • usually out of proportion to the actual event (overreaction)
    ex. romantic couple breaks up and they hate each other after
42
Q

what is denial

A

refusal to believe a threatening thought or event

  • people tend to ignore negative feedback
    ex. when you hear bad news “oh no!”
43
Q

what is undoing

A

nullifying an undesired thought/action with another one

ex. eating unhealthy then going to gym
ex. binge/purge cycle
ex. honeymoon period after abuse
ex. when you spill salt you throw it over your shoulder for superstition

44
Q

what is displacement

A

expressing the id impulse with a more acceptable target (catharsis)

ex. girl is angry at mother but does not yell at her so she slams door instead
- catharsis: releasing id energy in other ways, no evidence for this hypothesis (at least in aggression)

45
Q

what is rationalization

A

reinterpreting behavior to hide true emotions and identifying acceptable ones instead

ex. someone who smokes and knows it causes cancer, to rationalize it by “we’re all going to die anyway”
- evidence comes from cognitive dissonance literature: aversive state where thoughts and behavior do not align

46
Q

what is repression

A

keeping a thought in the unconscious

ex. traumatic events (child abuse) memories of these events get pushed to the unconscious
- no research evidence for repression, research shows that people do not repress traumatic events but they relive them (PTSD)

PY332 (18 decks)

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