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PY332 > chapter 3 > Flashcards

chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what is trait vs. state

A

trait is a relatively permanent characteristics, across situations and time

state is temporary change in personality often in reaction to something

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2
Q

how do you measure traits vs states

A

measured in different ways
-with traits questions are usually asked on general level, with states questions are asked on an “in this moment” type of level

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3
Q

explain differences in state vs trait measurements example

A

trait: Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale “all in all” “as a whole”
state: State Self-Esteem scale “answer what is true for you in this moment”

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4
Q

how are personality traits best assessed

A

on continuum, rather than presence or absence (low to high)
-best to not put people in categories

usually normally distributed
-most people cluster around the mean, fewer people in the tails

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5
Q

explain Eysenck’s Personality Pyramid

A

how we understand personality traits

higher order traits/ types
->
traits/subtraits
->
habitual responses 
->
specific responses
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6
Q

explain relationship between specific responses and the things above them in Eysenck’s Personality Pyramid

A

specific responses do not always match traits / habits etc

-the lower you get on the pyramid the more idiosyncratic with more variability

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7
Q

draw an example of Eysenck’s Personality Pyramid

A

on paper

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8
Q

what are the two approaches to studying personality

A

idiographic and nomothetic

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9
Q

explain the differences between idiographic and nomothetic

A

idiographic: detailed study of single person (qualitative, depth)
nomothetic: combined study of numerous people (quantitative, breadth, we mainly focus on this approach)

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10
Q

what is the goal of nomothetic approach

A

identify basic traits that make up the human personality

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11
Q

what are the different approaches that make up the nomothetic approach

A

theoretical approach, lexical approach, measurement approach

none are wrong or right, just different ways of doing it and depends on goal

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12
Q

explain the theoretical approach

A

start with theory about human personality and how it functions, then research it

  • theorists: Bandura, Rogers, Maslow, Freud
  • Freud: id ego superego
  • Bandura: social learning (totally different explanations for personality)
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13
Q

explain the lexical approach

A
  • figure out what personality traits are used/important by studying language
  • examine language and see how many and what words are used to describe personality
  • what words are reflected in language = are what aspects of personality are most important
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14
Q

what are the criticisms of the lexical approach

A
  • differences across languages (not always same number of synonyms of words)
  • amount might not necessarily be reflective of personality, rather of what humans view as important
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15
Q

what is the nomothetic approach

A

understand human personality by measuring it (usually self report / survey)
-look at level of behavior (observation, survey, etc) this is called FACTOR ANALYSIS

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16
Q

what is factor analysis and what two questions does it answer

A

a statistical technique used to answer:

1) which behaviors are related to each other
2) what do those behaviors represent? (personality trait / construct)

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17
Q

draw a factor analysis

A

on paper

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18
Q

what is factor analysis stew analogy

A

sort into groups (veggie, meat, herbs, etc), by looking for commonalities able to figure out what your group represented

  • commonalities shed light on what group represents
  • finding the group name/title, has some subjectivity )ex. meat/protein)
  • find strongest and weakest members (looking for bad example, one thing does not shed light on the underlying theme or concept or does not shed light on nature of category)

we look for similarities and then get idea behind underlying trait

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19
Q

show the factor analysis example of extroversion and conscientiousness

A

on paper

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20
Q

what are Eigenvalues

A

“size” of the factor

-how many factors are there

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21
Q

what are components

A

factors/ possible factors

  • the factors explain the variance
  • we usually set cut off, any Eignenvalue greater than one is part of the solution
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22
Q

Eigenvalue chart

A

on paper

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23
Q

what is a scree plot

A

elbow graph
looking for where it levels off (the different points are the Eigenvalues)
-keep all the factors prior to elbow, can be subjective

24
Q

what do Eigenvalues and scree plots answer

A

how many factors there are

25
Q

what are factor loadings

A

how strongly an item fits a certain factor is answered by factor loadings

  • factor loadings are an estimate of how strongly an item fits a specific factor
  • measures correlation between item and factor, higher # = correlation

this is similar to step of sorting stew items into categories

we usually accept > .4 as evidence for loading on that factor

26
Q

what do we do after we identify how many factors there are and what items load on what factors

A

we name the factors

27
Q

timeline of figuring out how many personality factors there are

A 
Cattell thought there were 16
-used lexical and measurement approach, then did factor analysis 
Eysenck proposed there were three:
1) psychoticism
2) extraversion
3) neuroticism (PEN approach)
28
Q

what is the most accepted personality model

A

the big five (aka five factor model) FFM

29
Q

what are the big 5 factors

A

agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness, extraversion, neuroticism

(each factor has 6 factors)

OCEAN- every one is considered a part of normal personality

30
Q

factor analysis example

A

on paper

31
Q

why is the 5 factor model not universally accepted

A

criticisms in if there are only 5 factors

also, still trying to figure out what some of the factors really involve

32
Q

explain the “do introverts enjoy being alone” study

A

method:

  • 3 seven day diary studies
  • participants keep diary after being surveyed for their personality traits
  • asked if they enjoyed being alone

IVs:

  • all quasi
  • introersion
  • attachment style
  • dispositional autonomy (you do not let others affect thoughts feelings and behaviors)

DVs:

  • reactive solitude (rather be alone than with others)
  • constructive solitude (want to be alone for its own sake), introverts are supposed to have this kind

results:

  • introversion did not correlate with constructive, but did with reactive in the first study
  • introversion did not correlate with constructive or reactive
  • so, does not appear introverts like being alone
  • maybe other traits correlate with liking being alone (dispositional autonomy had strong negative correlation, and avoidant attachment had strongest correlation)

so, we are still trying to figure out what it means to be an introvert

33
Q

what are the alternatives to the five factor model

A
  • 5 factors is the most reliable (when seeing what comes up in Eigenvalues) but some researchers cite evidence for 1,6 or 7
  • 1 “General Personality Factor” GPF
  • 6 HEXACO model
  • 7: Big 7 (big 5 + positive and negative affectivity)
34
Q

what is General Personality Factor (GPF) chart

A

draw on paper

35
Q

difference between stability and plasticity

A

stability: emotional stability to get along with others
plasticity: flexibility to adapt and change

all positive aspects of personality

36
Q

explain GPF

A
  • looks like big 5 but not comes from factor analysis to support theory
  • first factor accounts for 40-50% of variability the rest pale in comparison
  • arguing this must be the most important factor
37
Q

what is the HEXACO model

A

has all traits of big 5 plus 6th factor

1) emotional control
2) extraversion
3) agreeableness
4) openness
5) conscientiousness
6) honesty and humility (new)
- sincerity, greed avoidance, fairness, modesty

38
Q

what is the HEXACO model built on

A

lexical and cross-cultural research

-when you use lexical approach across all languages it appears to be 6 factor model

39
Q

criticisms of HEXACO model

A

is honesty really that different from agreeableness, is it really just the introverted aspects of agreeableness separated from the extroverted aspects

40
Q

what is the Big 7 model

A

-the big 5 plus 2 valence related factors (positive and negative)
-criticizes the big 5 because it did not include evaluative adjectives
ex. feeling good about self (high self-esteem)
feeling bad about self (low self esteem)
-positive valence is evaluating self positively and negative valence is evaluating self negatively

41
Q

what does the Johari Window look at

A

what we and others know (known to self and known to others)

42
Q

draw the Johari Window

A

on paper

43
Q

explain self-other knowledge asymmetry (SOKA) model

A

there are differences (asymmetries) in the knowledge we have in self and that others have of you
-Vazire (2010)

44
Q

what are the two reasons for asymmetries in knowledge in the SOKA model

A

1) the self has privileged access to thoughts and feelings
- what goes on in head might not be seen from outside

2) physical perspective: one’s body is more salient to others than to self
- your body might have actions/behaviors that are more apparent to others (we do not always know our body language and facial expressions)

45
Q

what are the SOKA model predictions in informational differences

A

self is more accurate with internal traits (less observable, ex. neuroticism)

others are more accurate with external traits (more observable, ex extraversion)

expect different levels of accuracy between self and others depending on trait

see continuum on paper

46
Q

what are the motivational differences in SOKA model

A
  • the self is motivated by self-protection and self-enhancement
  • we want to feel good about ourselves and others do not have these self protective motives, so…..

self is more accurate with less evaluative (socially desirable traits, ex anxiety)
others more accurate with more evaluative traits (physical appearance)

47
Q

explain depression and motivational differences in SOKA model

A

with depression it gets rid of ego protection so it might get rid of these motivational differences and make someone more accurate

48
Q

who do we mean by “others”? are certain others more accurate?

A

stranger, observer, close friend

-a close other might have some of the motivational differences where as a stranger does not

49
Q

traits high observability and low evaluativeness?

traits high evaluativeness and low observability?

traits low evaluativeness and low observability?

A

high O low E: extraversion (talkative, dominance, leadership), others should be most accurate

high E, low O: openness, intellect (creativity, intelligence) friends should be most accurate

low E, low O: neuroticism (anxiety, self esteem) self should be most accurate

50
Q

explain the Vazire study (2010) that looks at traits with different observability and evaluativeness

A

method: people took personality tests measuring extraversion, neuroticism and openness (these tests were also filled out by friends and strangers who had just met person)
- then did criterion (accuracy measures, rated by independent raters)

  • impromptu public speech (self-esteem and anxiety, neuroticism)
  • group discussion (talkative dominance, extraversion)
  • IQ and creativity tests (creativity and intelligence, openness)
  • accuracy was whether personality ratings correlated with criterion scores
    results: results matched hypothesis, self best at neuroticism, others best at extraversion and friends best at openness/intellect
51
Q

so, who is best judge of personality?

A

it depends

52
Q

how was trait evaluativeness (social desirability) measured in study

A

measured desirability of big 5 traits (high pole and low pole, extraversion and introversion)

  • small gap = less evaluative
  • big gap = more evaluative
53
Q

activity we did in class about living spaces

A

looked at pictures of rooms and tried to guess their personality
-there are researchers that look at what you can learn about someone by living space

54
Q

explain the Gosling et al (2002) study that looks at observing people’s offices or bedrooms

A

method: independent observers rated participants on the 5 factors based on examination of offices or bedrooms (two studies)
- ratings from observers on 5 factors (big 5) to criterion measures (how people who lived there rated themselves)

correlational study

55
Q

what were the results of Gosling 2002

A

high interrater reliability (highest in openness, then conscientousness, then extraversion)
-low in agreeableness and then lowest in emotional stability

observer accuracy to criterion is highest in openness then extraversion and conscientousness
-not significant in agreeableness or emotional stability

56
Q

so can you judge people by living space?

A

it depends

PY332 (18 decks)

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