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PY332 > attachment theory (intrapsychic cont) > Flashcards

attachment theory (intrapsychic cont) Flashcards

1
Q

why is attachment in the intrpsychic chapter

A

attachment is considered a part of personality

-childhood events (attachment style) can influence adult personality which is a psychoanalytic idea

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2
Q

what did John Bowlby notice and how did it develop into attachment theory

A

noticed children in hospital had their physical needs met, but not emotional needs (parents not close)
-having unmet emotional needs could have an effect on children

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3
Q

what is attachment theory

A

attachment system that exists between parent and child evolved to keep infants close to parent and safe from home (most often mother)
-it is adaptive

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4
Q

what are working models and how are they developed

A

working models are expectations for relationships and how they work
-overtime children learn if physical and emotional needs are met by caregivers

  • needs are met = stable idea of relationships
  • needs are not met = needs are not met in relationships
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5
Q

explain attachment over life

A

attachment relationship is formed and learned as a child via their relationship with caregiver and it is carried with someone (the child) throughout life

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6
Q

what were the early views on attachment

A
  • belief was based on behaviorism (rewards and punishments)
  • mother and child have relationship because mother reduces primary drives (hunger, thirst, and pain) -> through learning affection is derived
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7
Q

what did the early views of attachment affect and examples

A

the early idea of attachment affected how children were raised

ex. hospital nurseries: babies separated from mother right after birth, only brought back when feeling was needed
ex. babies placed under warmers

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8
Q

what is the idea of attachment now

A

hospitals realize the importance of mother and baby contact

ex. rooming-in: baby and mom stay together with skin contact

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9
Q

explain the reasoning behind and the method behind Harlow Monkey Experiments

A

Harlow questioned idea if infants become attached to mothers through drive reduction

  • did animal experiments that show this is not viable
  • monkeys separated from mothers 6-12 hours after birth and raised in isolation and were exposed to two fake mothers
    1) wire mother (feeding)
    2) terrycloth mother (no feeding, soft and warm)
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10
Q

explain the hypothesis and results of Harlow Monkey Experiments

A

if attachment is about drive reduction monkey should prefer wire mother
-if not, monkey should prefer terrycloth

results: monkeys preferred cloth mother to snuggle and when scared
- attachment seems to be about more than drive reduction

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11
Q

explain Mary Ainsworth and the Strange Situation

A

Ainsworth noticed that some mothers were very responsive to infant needs (individual differences) so she developed an experiment surrounding attachment

Strange situation: way to assess child attachment style in lab
-mother and child come into lab and undergo 1) interactive play 2) separation and 3) reunion

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12
Q

what were the two kinds of attachments observed in the video about strange situation

A

secure: child gets happier when mom returns
insecure: child does not get happier when mom returns

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13
Q

what does the way a child behaves in the strange situation depend on

A

the length of attachment relationship

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14
Q

explain the length of attachment relationship

A

related to child’s age, once children get older or younger than one year it does not make sense to do strange situation

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15
Q

explain strange situation not working in older children

A

if older less distress from parent - child separation because children understand

1) why separation happened
2) the adult always comes back
3) the caregiver still exists (object permenance)

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16
Q

explain object permanence

A

when kids are little and cannot see something they assume it does not exist, when they get older they develop object permanence and understand that even if they might not see something it is still there

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17
Q

what are the four styles of attachment

A

1) secure
2) avoidant
3) anxious-ambivalent
4) disoriented/disorganized

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18
Q

draw the attachment chat

A

on paper

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19
Q

explain anxiety and avoidance in attachment

A

anxiety: fear of abandonment
avoidance: discomfort with closeness or dependency

20
Q

what three attachment styles did Ainsworth originally recognize with strange situation

A

secure, avoidant, anxious-ambivalent

21
Q

explain secure attachment

A

low in anxiety and avoidance

  • confident in availability and responsiveness of caregiver, has needs met
  • using caregiver as a secure base
22
Q

what is secure base

A

when child feels afraid, goes to the caregiver, feels better, then goes back to environment

23
Q

explain avoidant attachment

A

high in avoidance and low in anxiety

-unlikely to see comfort from caregiver when distressed, more likely to maintain autonomy

24
Q

explain anxious ambivalent attachment

A

high in anxiety and low in avoidance

  • heightened attachment, always looking to make sure caregiver is still there
  • upset when caregiver leaves, when caregiver returns they are ambivalent or angry-resistance
25
Q

explain disoriented/disorganized attachment

A

high in anxiety and avoidance

  • commonly seen in abuse or when parent themselves seem to have a lot of fear (unlikely to seek comfort from a parent who is already scared)
  • parents have own attachment issues
26
Q

how stable is attachment style

A

correlation between early attachment and attachment later in life (r = 0.39)

  • meta analysis done on 27 studies
  • fairly strong correlation, similar to Big 5 trait stability
27
Q

how is attachment in adults observed

A

through their romantic relationship with partner or Adult Attachment Interview (AAI)

28
Q

what is Adult Attachment Interview (AAI)

A

interview with adult, participants asked to recall childhood memories and how they interacted with parents
-memory recall falls into patterns that fall into one of the attachment styles

29
Q

evidence of generational attachment styles

A

there exists evidence that attachment style can be passed down generations
-study showed parent attachment style in AAI and predicted child attachment style in strange situation 76-85% of time

30
Q

what are the three main attachment styles in adults that mirror child attachment

A

secure, avoidant, and anxious

-disoriented not included

31
Q

explain secure attachment in adults

A

easy to get close to others, no abandonment worries or someone getting too close worries

32
Q

explain avoidant attachment in adults

A

uncomfortable being close to others, difficult to trust others, partner more intimate than me (fear of intimacy)

33
Q

explain anxious attachment in adults

A

others do not get as close as I would like, worry partner does not love me, want to merge completely with someone and this scares people away, jealousy and loneliness

34
Q

explain the method of the study that answers “does adult attachment style predict separation behavior?” (Fraley and Shaver, 1998)

A

observational study of couples separating from one another in an airport, naturalistic- these forms of research are important for attachment style
-airport also triggers attachment concerns, saying goodbye to loved ones

researchers approached couples traveling together and had them fill out survey

35
Q

what are the IV’s and DV’s in the study that answers “does adult attachment style predict separation behavior?” (Fraley and Shaver, 1998)

A

IVs:

1) attachment style
2) separation status (traveling together or separating)
3) gender

DVs:

1) observed attachment behaviors (interactions with eachother, 7 categories
2) self reported distress on survey

36
Q

what are the 7 categories observed in the study that answers “does adult attachment style predict separation behavior?” (Fraley and Shaver, 1998)

A

4 categories used in strange situation: contact seeking, contact maintenance, avoidance and resistance
3 others: caregiving, sexuality, and sadness

37
Q

explain the results of women in separating couples in the study that answers “does adult attachment style predict separation behavior?” (Fraley and Shaver, 1998)

A
  • those with avoidant attachments have a negative correlation with contact seeking and caregiving and a positive correlation in avoidance
  • those with anxiety attachment had a correlation with self reported distress
38
Q

explain the results of women in non separating couples in the study that answers “does adult attachment style predict separation behavior?” (Fraley and Shaver, 1998)

A

those with avoidant attachments have a positive correlation with caregiving and negative correlation with avoidant behaviors (not separating, so threat to attachment relationship is not in play, avoidant adults do not engage in avoidant behaviors)
-those with anxious attachments have no significant correlations

39
Q

explain the results of men in separating couples in the study that answers “does adult attachment style predict separation behavior?” (Fraley and Shaver, 1998)

A
  • those with avoidant attachments have a negative correlation with sadness (weird and unexpected finding)
  • those with anxious attachments have a negative correlation with contact maintenance and a positive correlation with avoidance (unexpected results, should be those with avoidant styles)
40
Q

explain the results of men in non separating couples in the study that answers “does adult attachment style predict separation behavior?” (Fraley and Shaver, 1998)

A

those with anxious attachment there is a positive correlation with avoidance

41
Q

explain the results for men with anxious attachments in separating and non separating couples

A

men with anxious attachment styles come across as avoidant (counter to expectations and attachment theory research)
-researchers discussed there might be gender differences in how attachment style manifests, anxious women appear anxious and men appear avoidant

42
Q

is attachment set in stone? are people doomed to repeat unhealthy relationships (have an insecure attachment)?

A

no, to both of these questions (r = 0.39, there is room for change)

43
Q

why does change usually occur in attachment styles

A

experience and situational variables

44
Q

explain experience

A

many different relationships in life may alter working models of attachment
-healthy relationships can change insecure attachment, unhealthy relationships can change secure attachment

45
Q

explain situational variables

A

attachment can be a reflection of the relationship a person is currently in
ex. someone in a healthy relationship, but partner acts different all of the sudden so can lead to the anxiety of partner

PY332 (18 decks)

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