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PY332 > genetics > Flashcards

genetics Flashcards

1
Q

explain personality is like lemonade analogy

A

water, lemon, sugar are all different ingredients

  • but when combined it creates something fundamentally different than the start and you cannot separate ingredients
  • this is similar to environment and genetics
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2
Q

because environment and genetics go hand in hand what does this mean

A

taking sides in nature v. nurture debate is nonsensible

  • nature = genes biology and brain
  • nurture = environment

so it is nature and nurture, rather nature by nurture
-they interact with each other and affect each other

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3
Q

what is trait genotype

A

genetic code carried in DNA, blueprint

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4
Q

what is trait phenotype

A

physical expression, observable

  • genotype can affect phenotype
  • phenotype is also influenced by the environment
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5
Q

example of genotype and phenotype in animal world

A

ex. pinkness in flamingos depends on the environment

ex. genotype of cats can affect the shape of their ears

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6
Q

so, overall differences of genotype and phenotype

A

genotype: genetic makeup, determined by observing DNA, depends on genes, inherited by offspring, consists of expressed and suppressed genes
phenotype: observable characteristics, depends on genotype and environment, not inherited, and consists of just expressed genes

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7
Q

explain the differences between heritable and genetically determined

A

heritable: the extend to which genes explain differences between people on a trait
genetically determined: genes cause a characteristic

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8
Q

explain number of fingers and toes example

A

genetically determined but heritability is low (because that is about explaining differences)
-when there are differences, they are not explained genetically, very rare for genetics to cause this usually caused by environment

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9
Q

what does heritability (h^2) tell us

A

genetically determines variation / total amount of variation

  • ranges from 0 to 1 like a correlation
  • the closer to 1 means more variation explained by genetics
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10
Q

explain heritability example in plants

A

plants with 100% heritability with different heights in the same environment, all the differences can be explained by genetics

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11
Q

what does heritability (h^2) does not tell us

A
  • tells us nothing about individuals (need a group to explain differences)
  • nothing about the cause of a trait
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12
Q

what is heritability in words

A

our genes explain 90% of differences in our heights
NOT
that genes determine 90% of height in individuals

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13
Q

explain pierced ears example (0% genetically determined, 70% heritable). how is this possible?

A

our genes explain 70% of differences in having pierced ears

-differences in gender (XX, XY)

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14
Q

what is heritability specific to

A

one population in one environment
-heritability estimates can change

ex. heritability of height across countries
US 80%, China 65%, Africa 65%, Aussie 87%
-heritability increases in access to food/healthcare
-if everyone comes from similar environment differences have to be explained by genetics so heritability will go up

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15
Q

what is environmentality (e^2)

A

estimates extend to which individual differences can be traced to differences in the environment
-as heritability goes up environmentality goes down and vice versa

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16
Q

explain identical twins and environmentality

A

identical twins share 100% of DNA but look slightly different because of environmentality

  • starts in womb
  • ex. touching different parts of amniotic sac for fingerprints
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17
Q

what is shared enviroment

A

aspects of the family enviornment that are the same for children

ex. physically dwelling and aspects of it (# of books), SES, parenting style etc.

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18
Q

what is nonshared environment

A

unique experiences in and outside of the family

ex. friend group, hobbies, birth order

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19
Q

what are the two types of twins

A

monozygotic twins and dizygotic twins

20
Q

difference between monozygotic twins and dizygotic twins

A

MZ: identical twins, share 100% of DNA, occur when egg splits in two
DZ: fraternal twins, share 50% of DNA like normal sibling pairs, two different eggs born at same time

21
Q

what twin studies are done

A
  • twins reared (raised) together (MZ twins reared together and DZ twins reared together)
  • twins reared apart (MZA and DZA)
22
Q

what adoption studies are done

A
  • twins reared apart
  • adoptive siblings (family just adopts 2 different siblings_
  • adoptive parents and children
23
Q 
genetics shared of:
 MZ twins reared together
DZ twins reared together
MZ twins reared apart
adoptive siblings
A

MZ twins reared together: 100% genes, 100% environment
DZ twins reared together: 50% genes, 100% environment
MZ twins reared apart: 100% genes, 0% environment
adoptive siblings: 0% genes, 100% environment

24
Q

what can twin studies tell us

A

heritability and environmentality, the extent to which these play a role

25
Q

explain Minnesota twin study

A

100 pairs of identical twins separated at birth

-found uncanny similarities between identical twins reared apart (in health, IQ, etc)

26
Q

how is heritability measured in twin studies

A
  • correlation between MZ twins reared apart

- correlation of MZ twins v. DZ twins

27
Q

what are the four issues with twin studies

A

1) equal environment assumption
2) assumption of representativeness of twins
3) selective placement
4) assumption of representativeness of adoptive families

28
Q

explain equal environment assumption

A
  • comparing MZ to DZ twins
  • assume MZ twins are treated more similarly than DZ twins, to the extent MZ twins are treated the same it could inflate the correlation (environment causes it, not heritability)
29
Q

explain assumption of representativeness of twins

A

might not be generalizable to population

30
Q

explain selective placement

A
  • how similar are adoptive families to one another

- twins reared apart might be similar because of similar environments

31
Q

explain assumption of representativeness of adoptive families

A

how generalizable are adoptive families

32
Q

explain heritability estimates of twins (extraversion and neuroticism)

A

as degree of relatedness increases, so does the correlation in personality traits

  • highest in twins reared together
  • correlations in identical twins reared apart get lower (so environment does matter)

so, the more people are related to each other the stronger the similarities in personality

33
Q

explain heritability of the 5 factor model

A

appears that traits are determined by heritability and environment about 50/50
-shared environment is very low in determining traits

almost all individual differences (personality, psychopathology, and cognitive ability) in human behavior are moderately heritable

34
Q

so what does observed differences in personality traits = ?

A

= 40% genetics + 40% non-shared environment + 0% shared environment + 20% error

35
Q

what is genotype-environment interaction

A

people respond differently to environment because of their genetic makeup

36
Q

explain the methods and variables in the genotype-environment interaction study with the serotonin transporter gene (Caspi et al)

A

the serotonin transporter gene is the gene that influences how much serotonin a person has
method: tracked 1037 adults from 3years-26 years, looked at type of serotonin transporter gene

predictor variables:

1) genotype of serotonin transporter gene
- SS (short gene from both parents)
- ll (long from both)
- Sl
* *S associated with decreased serotonin levels**
2) number of stressful life events (looked at major stressors)

outcome variable: depression (level and number of episodes), suicide attempts, and suicide ideation

37
Q

what are the results of the genotype-environment interaction study with the serotonin transporter gene (Caspi et al)

A

found same pattern in all variables of interest
-as number of stressful life events increases the outcome variables increase (most for SS gene, least for Sl gene)

-those with S genotype had double amount of depressive episodes than those with l genotype (both with 4+ stressful life events)

38
Q

explain genotype-environment correlation and how it is different than the interaction

A 
certain genotypes (G) tend to occur with certain environments (E)
-know there is a relationship, but not clear cut
39
Q

explain a positive genotype-environment correlation

A

1) G increases, E increases
- as genetic predisposition increases, the demand from the environment increases
ex. talkative person finds themselves in talkative job

40
Q

explain a negative genotype-environment correlation

A

1) G increases, E decreases
- as genetic predisposition increases, less likely to find themselves in environments
ex. neurotic person, less likely to find themselves in anxiety producing situations

41
Q

what are the three types of G-E correlations

A

passive, reactive and active

42
Q

explain passive G-E correlation

A

parents own inherited traits cause both their child’s G and E
ex. parents good at verbal ability, pass on genetics and create verbal environment (positive example)

43
Q

explain reactive G-E correlation

A

people treat child differently (E) based on the child’s G

ex. child is verbal from genes, so people talk more to the child (positive)

44
Q

explain active G-E correlation

A

a child’s G leads him/her to seek out certain E

ex. talkative child seeking out the more talkative parent (positive)

45
Q

what are epigenetics

A

the idea that environment can change genes

-what genes are and are not expressed

PY332 (18 decks)

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