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PY332 > gender and personality > Flashcards

gender and personality Flashcards

1
Q

what is statistical significance

A

tells us if there is a meaningful difference (statistically) in averages between groups
-conveyed via p-value (p < 0.05 = statistically significant)

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2
Q

what is effect size

A

tells us the magnitude/size of the difference between groups

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3
Q

what is the benefit of using effect size

A

the p-value is influenced by sample size, but effect size is not
-some things can be significant with a large sample, even if the actual effect size is small

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4
Q

what is normally used to calculate effect size

A

Cohen’s d

male mean - female mean / std. deviation of all

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5
Q

explain numbers of d for the male - female example

A
  • when males > females, d will be positive
  • when females > males, d will be negative
  • when there is no difference d will be 0 or close to it
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6
Q

how to interpret Cohen’s d

A 
0-0.1 = trivial
0.11-0.35 = small
0.36 - 0.65 = medium
0.66 - 1.0 =  large
> 1 = very large
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7
Q

why is effect size relevant for studying gender differences

A

looking at “how much” of a difference not “whether” there is a difference

  • small effect size means men and women are similar in personality trait
  • large effect size means men and women are different in the personality trait
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8
Q

explain the distributions of large and small effect sizes

A
  • small effect size there is more overlap in the distributions
  • large effect size there is less overlap in the distributions

there is still overlap even when there are large differences between genders, shows genders are more similar than different overall

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9
Q

explain gender stereotypes in culture

A

gender stereotypes are embedded in our culture (hero vs. princess culture)
-we are exposed to them at early age

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10
Q

what are some personality gender stereotypes

A

men; active, independent, confident, get things done

women; expressive, emotional, gentle, understanding

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11
Q

what are gender stereotypes in social roles

A

men; leaders, financial providers

women; caregivers, homemakers

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12
Q

where else are there stereotypes in society surrounding gender

A

physical attributes, emotional experiences and cognition

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13
Q

why is it important to point out gender stereotypes

A

1) to what extent do stereotypes shape behavior

2) to what extent do stereotypes influence our interpretation of behavior

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14
Q

explain the largest gender differences in Big 5

A

largest in assertiveness (men > women, facet of extraversion) and tender-mindedness (women > men) facet of agreeableness

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15
Q

what has a medium effect size of gender differences in Big 5

A

women tend to be higher in neuroticism

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16
Q

what does the rest of the effect sizes of the Big 5 and their facets show us

A

the majority of differences between men and women are small or trivial
-genders are more similar than different

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17
Q

explain gender differences of aggression

A

not a part of Big 5, sort of like assertiveness but not really (aggressiveness is more extreme)
-in general, men tend to be more aggressive than women , but there are nuances

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18
Q

what are the nuances of gender differences in aggression

A

men are more aggressive than women

  • physical aggressiveness (d = 0.4, medium)
  • verbal aggression (d = 0.18, small)

women are more aggressive than men:
-relational aggression: in the form of social rejection, exclusion, gossip, rumors, etc (d = -.74, large)

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19
Q

gender differences in aggression when provoked?

A

when someone is provoked, the gender difference goes to almost 0 in physical aggression
-both genders likely to retaliate back

20
Q

explain gender differences in helping behaviors

A

not part of Big 5, sort of like agreeableness but not fully

-research finds men tend to engage in more helping than women (d= 0.34)

21
Q

nuances of helping behaviors between gender

A

type of help and audience vs. no audience

22
Q

explain gender differences of helping in audience v. no audience

A

if audience is present, men tend to help more than women (d=0.34)
-with no audience, the gender difference goes close to 0

23
Q

explain gender differences of helping with different types of help

A
  • researchers tend to look at bystander intervention behavior (so men help more with this) in lab
  • women’s helping behavior tends to be more communal (take place in context of relationships)
24
Q

explain study of gender helping behaviors

A

looked at dementia patients and caregivers

  • 2/3 of caregivers are women (typically family)
  • twice as many women spend part-time to full-time hours caregiving
  • women’s lost wages due to early exit from the workforce (to caregive) exceed those of men

this is also the case for childcare and other caregiving

25
Q

explain gender differences in empathy

A

part of tender-mindedness or agreeableness

  • women more tender-mindedness than men (large effect size)
  • empathy is the ability to put yourself in another’s shoes
26
Q

nuances in gender differences of empathy

A

self-report vs actual behavior

  • large gender differences in self-report data in empathy
  • when looking at empathy behavior (ex. identify what people are feeling while watching video in lab) women report they are more accurate at determining other’s feelings, but when looking at actual accuracy there is no gender difference
27
Q

what causes gender diffference

A

there exist nature and nurture explanations that exist on a continuum
-we will be covering things on both sides and in the middle

28
Q

what does the biological model (nature) say

A

differences in gender are innate that are due to biological causes (hormones, genetics, evolution)

29
Q

explain the role of hormones in the biological model

A

men and women have different hormones, but some of the same (estrogen, testosterone w/ different levels)
-oxytocin is referred to as the love hormone, both sexes have this but females have more (oxytocin is associated with child birth and sex)

30
Q

explain what researchers say about oxytocin differences in males/females

A

research suggests that with stress females release oxytocin and epinephrine (adrenaline)- this results in “tend and befriend” rather than “fight or flight”; females seek social relations and companionship with others during stress response
-males release testosterone in stress response

31
Q

what does male/female difference in stress response suggest

A

important because oxytocin could be important in gender differences of personality
-maybe tender heartedness or aggression

32
Q

explain the evolutionary model (nature)

A

humans have evolved certain characteristics to adapt to environment
-have similar and different evolutionary challenges

33
Q

what are the similar and different evolutionary challenges between males and females

A

similar: finding food and shelter, preference for high sugar and fat food
different: parental investment, different roles in biology of having child (women have high parental investment, pregnancy and child dependence on mother; males have low parental investment they only need to give sperm)

34
Q

explain what differences in parental investment could lead to

A

females have evolved to procreate wisely
men have evolved to procreate widely
-women have large parental investment = more tender heartedness
-men should be more focused on risk taking/social dominance/aggression to attract mates

35
Q

what is the biopsychosocial model (in the middle)

A

biological and social forces can act on each other to create gender differences
-biological predispositions interact with social environment

36
Q

explain genotype-environment interactions (2 examples)

A

active: when someone is born with a predisposition for a personality trait and they seek out experiences based on these innate traits
reactive: people treat someone differently because of a trait they already have

ex.

active: male child with predisposition to assertiveness seeks out environments where assertiveness is beneficial (competition or leadership)
reactive: female child given baby doll and others encourage her to nurture the doll

37
Q

what do nurture explanations say

A

that gender differences are caused by environmental factors

38
Q

explain social role theory (nurture)

A

gender differences come from exposure to sex role socialization
-society defines appropriate sex roles

39
Q

what are the appropriate sex roles in US culture

A

males tend to have power/status - leads to the development of assertiveness
females tend to have caregiving roles - leads to the development of tenderheartedness

40
Q

what does changing roles do in the social role theory

A

changes gender differences

41
Q

explain the study that shows how changing gender roles changes gender differences

A

study about a cognitive gender difference (idea that males have better spatial ability than females, believed to be innate) ex. rotate object in mind

  • in this study males and females were asked to do spatial rotation task in lab and were randomly assigned
    1) spatial instructions
    2) non spatial instructions

results: in spatial instructions condition males perform better than females
- in non spatial instructions condition the gender difference disappears

42
Q

what does the study that shows how changing gender roles changes gender differences tell us

A

evidence for social role theory, gender differences come from exposure to sex role socialization
-if we change expectations gender differences disappear

43
Q

what is social construction (nurture)

A

the idea that we define or create out own reality
-whether we thing something/someone is male or female shapes our perceptions
“gender is in the eye of the beholder”

44
Q

study method that supports social construction

A

experiment with video of baby playing with jack in the box and crying when it pops open
-baby is young so cannot tell gender by looking at it

showed participants video, randomly assigned

1) told baby was boy
2) told baby was girl

-had to describe how baby was feeling when they start to cry after jack in the box opens

45
Q

results of study that supports social construction

A
  • participants differed in how they described baby’s feelings depending on condition
  • if told boy, tended to describe baby as angry
  • if told girl, tended to describe baby as sad

so
support for social construction, watching same baby do same thing but answers changed if they were told baby was boy/girl

PY332 (18 decks)

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