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PY332 > chapter4 > Flashcards

chapter4 Flashcards

1
Q

what is personality assessment

A

measurement of the individual characteristics of a person

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2
Q

are pop culture tests good measures of personality

A

no, they are made up, not valid

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3
Q

what is the Barnum effect

A

the tendency to accept vague personality descriptions as being accurate
-pop culture personality tests, horoscopes

ex. “ you have got a bubbly personality but can be serious too”

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4
Q

do people believe in personality tests? (Stein and Swan, 2018)

A

research shows people do believe in personality tests
-287 undergrads took 2 personality tests
IV: item difficulty (difficult/ hard time answering v easy/ straight forward)
difficult example (non dichotomous): are you more likely to: see how others are useful or see how others see

DV; item depth (rated how deep they thought item was, does it reveal hidden aspect of self)

results: difficult items rated as significantly more deep than easy items (revealed more about personality)
- shows people do take these things seriously

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5
Q

what are the three things that make a good personality test

A

1) reliability (consistent)
2) validity (accurate)
3) generalizability (applicable)

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6
Q

what are the different kinds of reliability

A

test-retest, parallel forms/ split half (internal consistency), and inter-rater

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7
Q

what is test-retest reliability and what is it also known as

A

results of test are consistent across administrations

-also known as temporal consistency

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8
Q

what is the reliability coefficient

A

statistical measure always between 0-1, the higher it is the more reliable a test is

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9
Q

what are parallel forms and split half reliability also known as

A

internal consistency: measures whether different items on a test give similar results

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10
Q

what is parallel forms

A

make two similar versions of a personality assessment and see if peoples core similarly on both tests (high correlation between scores)

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11
Q

what is split half

A

give one version of test, split it in half and correlate scores on first half to second half

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12
Q

what is split half measured as

A

Cronbach’s Alpha (sideways fish looking thing): correlation between all possible halves of the test
-larger #’s = better internal consistency ( > .7 is usually accepted)

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13
Q

what is interrater reliability

A

involves 2-3 people (not just a single person taking test)

  • used if you have a rating sheet to observe somebody
  • multiple people take sheet and observe someone, see if they rate a person similarly (if they do, high reliability)
  • rater consistency
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14
Q

what are the difference kinds of validity or construct validity

A

face validity, criterion validity, and convergent and discriminant validity

validity measures is the test accurate? does it measure what it is supposed to?

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15
Q

what is face validity

A
  • does the test appear to measure the construct of interest
  • most subjective form of validity (weakness, least useful in academic sense)
  • but we still care about it -especially when coming up with new scale or scale development, look for questions with face validity
  • also used in personnel situations, employers administer personality tests, those without face validity lowers cooperation in those taking it
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16
Q

when is face validity not always a good thing

A

in socially desirable responding, situations we might not want face validity

ex. Modern Racism Scale, people do not want to seem racist so this scale does not have face validity

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17
Q

what is criterion validity

A

determines if a test measures what it is supposed to in relation to an external standard, how test performance relates to an external standard

ex. SAT performance (test supposed to measure scholastic aptitude) -> academic performance

18
Q

what is an example of criterion validity

A

known groups validity (form of criterion validity, known groups who differ on personality trait should have different scores on test)

ex. Depression test given to those with depression and those without

19
Q

what is convergent validity

A

tests if a test is similar to other tests assessing the same/similar construct

ex. New test supposed to measure “x” - should correlate -> test with empirical support for the fact that it measures “x”

20
Q

what is discriminant validity

A

tests if a test does not tap into constructs theorized to be unrelated

ex. New test supposed to measure “x” - should not correlate -> test with empirical support for the fact that it measures “y”

21
Q

what is reliable, not valid

A

same results but not measuring what it is supposed to

22
Q

what is reliable and valid

A

same results, measures what it is supposed to

23
Q

what is unreliable and hence not valid

A

different results, not measuring what it is supposed to

-if everyone gets different scores/results but the thing you are trying to assess is stable, you cannot be measuring what you are supposed to

24
Q

what is generalizability

A

establishes the boundaries or limitations of a test

  • what population is the test meant for?
  • what purpose is it meant for?
  • what setting is it meant for?
25
Q

concepts in action (different validities and reliabilities)

A

example in book and in notes, go through

26
Q

what are the two most common tests in personality tests

A

self-report (S-data) and performance based (T-data)

27
Q

what are some self-report formats

A

likert scale (1-7, agreement, frequency, similarity); dichotomous choice (T/F, yes/no); checklists; visual analog scale (pain scale, feeling thermometer)

28
Q

problems with self-report

A

socially desirable responding and response set

29
Q

explain socially desirable responding

A

present self in exaggerated and positive manner

30
Q

how to fix socially desirable responding

A
  • anonymous (no one knows)
  • confidential (only researchers know)
  • do not reveal true purpose of study
31
Q

explain social desirability scale

A

there exists a social desirability scale that measures how often/likely people are to respond to things in a socially desirable way (socially desirable questions, but all unrealistic ex. i never gossip)

-statistically control for socially desirable responding, look for correlations between SDR and other scales; if yes, the item might get at tendency to respond in socially desirable way (group level)

32
Q

explain response set

A

using similar responses, using a pattern, etc

33
Q

how to fix response set

A

use reverse scored items (force participants to go to other end of scale and make sure they are not doing response set)

34
Q

what are the examples of performance based (T-data)

A
  • association tests (Rorshach)

- constructions tests (thematic apperception test TAT)

35
Q

what were performance based tests previously called

A

projective tests, in these tests you project your personality

36
Q

what is Rorshach inkblot tests

A

see inkblots and have to say what it is / what they see and this will tell part of personality

  • still widely used in clinical psych
  • it is very subjective and criticized
37
Q

what were the results of the standardization attempts of Rorshach

A

resulted in a little better reliability between clinicians

38
Q

what are the criticisms of Rorshach

A

high rate of false positives due to scoring issues

and does not offer unique information compared to standardized personality testes (that have reliability)

39
Q

explain high rate of false positives due to scoring issues in Rorshach

A

identities most people as psychologically disturbed by the way it is scored

measured by total number of disturbed responses vs. proportion of percentage, so the more you talk the more likely you are seen as psychologically disturbed (you are more likely to say disturbed things)

40
Q

explain construction tests: thematic apperception test

A

person presented with picture and asked to construct story (which gives insight to personality)
-clinician looks for recurrent themes that could give any insight to problems

41
Q

what are the criticisms of TAT

A
  • subjectivity: clinicians come up with different explanations for person’s personality
  • confirmation bias: the person who is listening only hears what they want to hear, search for evidence to confirm what someone already believes
42
Q

explain convenience sample

A

lowers generalizability because only a certain group of people

PY332 (18 decks)

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