Selective Breeding and Food Production

Question 1

selective breeding pros

Answer 1

increase yield
better nutrients in crops
produce more milk/eggs/offspring
resistance to disease
resistance to pests
resistance to harsh climates
control of phenotypical characteristics

Question 2

selective breeding cons

Answer 2

lack of genetic variation so a single disease can do more damage
unknowingly breeding rare disease genes as part of a positive trait
can cause physical problems in specific organisms

Question 3

cloning plants cuttings

Answer 3

take a side shoot form a plant.
put some rooting powder on the plant
plant in compost
grow

Question 4

cloning plants micropropagation

Answer 4

take an explant. a small cut of the plant off.
put in sterile agar jelly with nutrients and plant hormones
plant in soil

Question 5

cloning sheep

Answer 5

mammary gland cells and unfertilised ova taken
nucleus of ova removed. mammary gland with nucleus transferred
electric current used to fuse
fused cell divides to form embryo
embryo transferred to mother
clone born

Question 6

uses of cloning

Answer 6

animals may produce a useful product to treat diseases e.g. proteins, enzymes etc to cure diseases

Question 7

Fish Farming Benefits

Answer 7

stops overfishing in the wild
fish can be selectively bred
can control environment from predators, water pollution, etc.

Question 8

how are fish farms problems and solutions

Answer 8

Water quality maintenance: water filters to remove microbes
intraspecies predation: fish are separated by size and age so they don’t eat eachother
Disease: equipment thoroughly cleaned so bacteria and viruses cannot breed regulated density of fishes to tanks

Question 9

Yoghurt Making Steps

Answer 9

1. Milk Pasteurised to kill bacteria 85-95˚C or else other bacteria competes with lactobacillus to grow
2. milk cooled to 40-45˚C so that lactobacillus don’t die when added
3. Lactobacillus kept at 40-45 for optimum temp
4. Lactobacillus digests proteins in milk and ferment lactose to lactic acid

Question 10

Greenhouses Pros

Answer 10

maintain a constant internal environment heat, CO2 conc.
artificial lighting
less pests

Question 11

Pesticides Pros

Answer 11

immediate effect
easily accessible and relatively cheap
kills entire population of pests

Question 12

Pesticides Cons

Answer 12

can gain immunity/resistance
non-specific so can kill beneficial organisms as well
bioaccumulation into animals in the upper food chain
needs to be repeatedly applied so can be costly long term

Question 13

Biocontrol Pros

Answer 13

natural
cannot gain resistance
specific to a species
long lasting

Question 14

Biocontrol Cons

Answer 14

can become an invasive species
results not immediate
cannot kill whole population of pests

Question 15

Industrial Fermenters Input

Answer 15

Steam - sterilisation of the fermenter
air - for yeast’s aerobic respiration
nutrients - for growth, respiration of microbes so they can reproduce.

Question 16

Industrial Fermenters regulation

Answer 16

water jacket in and out to remain at optimum temp because fermentation makes heat
pH regulated with acids or alkalis
paddles spin to suspend microbes in liquid so more exposure to nutrients

Question 17

Industrial Fermenters Pros

Answer 17

can maintain a controlled environment for ‘culture’ (microorganisms) to grow
can produce a large amount of the target microorganisms