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Citow - Neurology > Seizures > Flashcards

Seizures Flashcards

1
Q

What is the concept of kindling in regards to seizures?

A

seizures beget seizures

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2
Q

What is the irritative zone?

A

area of cortex that generates interictal spikes

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3
Q

What is the ictal onset zone?

A

area of cortex where seizures are generated

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4
Q

What is an epileptogenic lesion?

A

structural abnormality that is direct cause of epileptic seizures

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5
Q

What is a symptomatogenic lesion?

A

area of the brain that first manifests seizure symptoms

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6
Q

What is the functional deficit zone?

A

cortical area of nonepileptic dysfunction

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7
Q

What is the epileptogenic zone?

A

area of brain necessary and sufficient for initiating seizures; removal or disconnection required for amelioration of seizures

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8
Q

What is Todd’s paralysis? What causes it?

A

post ictal paralysis, could be due to decreased glucose or increased lactate

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9
Q

What EEG findings are seen on Absence seizures?

A

3 Hz Spike and Wave

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10
Q

What does pathology show on mesial temporal lobe sclerosis?

A

hippocampal atrophy with gliosis and neural loss in CA1, CA4, and dentate gyrus

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11
Q

What is West’s syndrome?

A

infantile spasms; repeated extension and flexion of the neck, trunk, and extremities

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12
Q

What is characterizes West’s syndrome (infantile spasms) on EEG?

A

hypsarrhythmia (chaotic background with random high voltage, slow spike and wave)

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13
Q

What is the treatment for infantile spasms (West syndrome)?

A

ACTH, vigabatrin, and ketogenic diet

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14
Q

What are Benign epilepsy of childhood with Rolandic spikes? What is the typical clinical course?

A

focal motor seizures typically of the face during sleep-wake transitions; conscious but aphasic post ictally

remits spontaneously by adolescences

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15
Q

What is Juvenile myclonic epilepsy?

A

myoclonus in the morning without loss of consciousness, affects upper > lower

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16
Q

What is the inheritance pattern of Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy?

A

Autosomal dominant

17
Q

What is the treatment of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy?

A

valproic acid for life

18
Q

What characterizes Lennox-Gastaut syndrome?

A

multiple seizure types with mental retardation

19
Q

What surgical options are available for patients with Lennox Gastaut syndrome?

A

VNS and corpus callosotomy

20
Q

What is the mechanism of action of phenytoin?

A

Na Channel blockade

21
Q

There are many side effects to phenytoin. What are some of the most serious ones?

A

Steven Johnson syndrome, cerebellar degeneration

22
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Carbamazepine/Oxacarbazepine?

A

Na channel blockade

23
Q

What are the side effects of Carbemazepine/Oxacarbazepine?

A

Pancytopenia and SIADH

24
Q

What is the MOA of Lacosamide?

A

Na channel blocker

25
Q

What is the MOA of Ethosuximide?

A

Ca Channel blocker

26
Q

What is the MOA of acetazolamide?

A

carbonic anhydrase inhibitor

27
Q

What is the MOA of lamotrigine?

A

inhibit presynaptic glutamate release

28
Q

What is the MOA of Topiramate?

A

affects Na channels, GABA, and Glutamate receptors

29
Q

What is the MOA of Valproic acid?

A

inhibits Na and Ca channels

increases GABA synthesis and activity

30
Q

What are the side effects of Valproic acid?

A

Thrombocytopenia, hyperammonemia (hepatotoxicity in < 2 years)

31
Q

What is the MOA of Felbamate?

A

NMDA receptor antagonist

32
Q

What are the side effects of Felbamate?

A

aplastic anemia and hepatic failure

33
Q

Absence seizures are thought to originate/involve what cerebral structure?

A

thalamus

34
Q

What is the go to treatment for absence seizures?

A

Ethosuximide

35
Q

WADA testing determines _______.

A

laterality of speech and memory

36
Q

What is injected in a WADA test?

A

sodium amobarbital

37
Q

Corpus callosotomy can be used for _______ and _______.

A

atonic seizures (drop attacks)

seizures with secondary generalization

Citow - Neurology (25 decks)

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