Brain Structure and Function

Question 1

What is apraxia? What cortical lesion can cause apraxia?

Answer 1

inability to perform complex movements in the absence of paralysis

premotor lesion (lateral portion of BA 6)

Question 2

Frontal Eye fields are located in BA ___. Stimulation causes _____ whereas lesioning causes ______.

Answer 2

BA 8

contralateral eye movement

impaired contralateral gaze

Question 3

Broca’s speech is associated with what BA and what anatomical structures?

Answer 3

BA 44 and 45

pars opercularis and pars triangularis

Question 4

What is abulia? What cortical lesion can cause it?

Answer 4

decrease in thought, movement, speech, will, or initiative

b/l frontal lobe lesions can cause it

Question 5

Akinetic mutism can be seen in adults with what cortical lesion?

Answer 5

b/l cingulate lesions

Question 6

What are the symptoms of pseudobulbar palsy?

Answer 6

unable to close their eyes or move their mouth or

tongue, but are able to yawn, cry, cough, etc., which are reflexes of the pons and medulla

Question 7

What leads to pseudobulbar palsy?

Answer 7

damage to cortical motor fibers projecting to lower brainstem

Question 8

Stimulation to supplementary motor cortex leads to _______.

Answer 8

gross b/l movements

Question 9

What is the function of the ventromedial pathway? What composes it?

Answer 9

controls axial movements and posture

tectum, vestibular nuclei, and pontine and medullary
reticular nuclei to the interneurons in the ventromedial spinal cord

Question 10

Dominant parietal lobe is involved in ________ and non-dominant parietal lobe is involved in ________.

Answer 10

mathematical calculations and language

visuospatial relationships and geographic memory

Question 11

The secondary somatosensory area is located on ______ and is BA ______.

Answer 11

supramarginal gyrus

area 40

Question 12

Primary gustatory cortex is located on ______ and is BA _______.

Answer 12

anterior portion of parietal operculum

43

Question 13

What causes Gerstmann’s syndrome?

Answer 13

dominant parietal lobe lesion at angular gyrus (area 39)

Question 14

Gerstmann’s syndrome is characterized by what symptoms?

Answer 14

right/left dissociation, finger agnosia, acalculia, and agraphia

Question 15

The uncinate fasciculus connects the ______ to the ______,

Answer 15

anterior temporal lobe to the orbitofrontal gyrus

Question 16

Arcuate fasciculus connects ______ and ________.

Answer 16

Wernicke’s area and Broca’s area

Question 17

Heschl’s gyrus is the _______, located in ______, and is BA ________.

Answer 17

primary auditory cortex

posterosuperior temporal lobe deep to Sylvian fissure

41, 42

Question 18

Kluver Bucy syndrome results from ________.

Answer 18

b/l amygdala injuries

Question 19

Kluver Bucy syndrome is characterized by _______.

Answer 19

Absence of emotional response, compulsion to explore all objects visually, tactilely, and orally; hypersexuality and visual agnosia

Question 20

The Band of Gennari is located in ________.

Answer 20

the fourth layer of the occipital lobes

Question 21

Cortical blindness is characterized by what on EEG?

Answer 21

absence of a-waves on EEG in the occipital waves

Question 22

What is Anton’s syndrome?

Answer 22

an anosognosia; cortical blindness with an affected association area such that the patient denies that he or she is blind

Question 23

What is Balint’s syndrome?

Answer 23

caused by a bilateral lesion in the parietooccipital cortices

Ocular ataxia and apraxia with normal extraocular function. Associated with inattention to the peripheral visual field and simultanagnosia