Seeds and fruits

Question 1

How does double fertilization work in angiosperms?

Answer 1

The generative cell divides while travelling down the pollen tube. One fertilizes the egg and the other fertilizes the polar nuclei and forms the endosperm

Question 2

What are the first 3 tissues that form during embryogenesis?

Answer 2

Protoderm, procambium, ground meristem

Question 3

What does the protoderm become in an embryo?

Answer 3

Dermal tissue

Question 4

What does the procambium become in an embryo?

Answer 4

Vascular tissue

Question 5

What does the ground meristem become in an embryo?

Answer 5

Ground tissue

Question 6

Patterning along which axis is critical for polarity in embryos? Which stage is it differentiated?

Answer 6

Apical-basal axis. Differentiated at the 2 cell stage into the apical cell and basal cell

Question 7

What does the basal cell develop into in an embryo?

Answer 7

The suspensor for nutrient transfer from the endosperm

Question 8

What does the apical cell develop into in an embryo?

Answer 8

The embryo itself

Question 9

What 2 criteria must be met for something to be considered a fruit?

Answer 9

1. Mature ovary

2. Contains at least 1 seed

Question 10

What are fruits for?

Answer 10

An adaptation for seed dispersal

Question 11

Where is the embryo located in a fruit?

Answer 11

Inside the seeds

Question 12

What does the ovary itself become in a fruit?

Answer 12

The exocarp, mesocarp and endocarp

Question 13

What does the ovary wall become in a fruit?

Answer 13

The exocarp - outer layers of the fruit

Question 14

What type of cells make up the pits of fruits like peaches? Which layer of the ovary is the pit?

Answer 14

Endocarp, made up of sclerenchyma cells

Question 15

What are simple fruits?

Answer 15

A single ovary develops into a single fruit

Question 16

How are fleshy fruits typically dispersed?

Answer 16

By animals

Question 17

How are dry fruits typically dispersed?

Answer 17

Wind, animals, or via seed catapaults

Question 18

What are 4 types of simple fruits?

Answer 18

Berries, drupes, indehiscent, dehiscent

Question 19

What are the traits of berries? What are 3 examples of berries?

Answer 19

The exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp are all fleshy, so the fruit is mostly unprotected since nothing is hard. Ex. tomatoes, blueberries, avocados

Question 20

What are the traits of drupes? What are 3 examples of drupes?

Answer 20

The endocarp is hard, but the mesocarp and exocarp are fleshy. Ex. Peaches, cherries, coconuts

Question 21

Is the coconut you buy at the store the endocarp, mesocarp, or exocarp?

Answer 21

The endocarp. The mesocarp and exocarp are basically fibrous life jackets and are removed

Question 22

What are the traits of indehiscent fruits? What are 3 examples?

Answer 22

The endocarp, mesocarp, and exocarp are all hard, and they don’t open at maturity. Ex. achene, caryopsis, nuts

Question 23

What are the traits of dehiscent fruits? What are 4 examples?

Answer 23

Endocarp, mesocarp and exocarp are all hard, and the fruit splits open at maturity. Ex. Legumes, siliques, capsules, follicles

Question 24

What are multiple fruits? What is an example?

Answer 24

Many flowers from a single inflorescence come together and form a fruit. Ex. pineapple

Question 25

What type of fruit are avocados, blueberries, and tomatoes?

Answer 25

Berries

Question 26

What type of fruit are peaches, cherries, and coconuts?

Answer 26

Drupes

Question 27

What type of fruits are achenes, caryopsis, and nuts?

Answer 27

Indehiscent

Question 28

What type of fruit are follicles, siliques, legumes and capsules?

Answer 28

Dehiscent

Question 29

What type of fruit are pineapples?

Answer 29

Multiple fruits

Question 30

What are aggregate fruits?

Answer 30

Multiple ovaries in the same flower come together and form a fruit. Ex. raspberries

Question 31

What type of fruit are raspberries?

Answer 31

Aggregate

Question 32

What plant family commonly has aggregate fruits?

Answer 32

Rosaceae

Question 33

What are accessory fruits?

Answer 33

The main part of the fruit develops from something other than the ovary. Ex. strawberries

Question 34

What type of fruit are strawberries?

Answer 34

Accessory fruits

Question 35

What type of fruit are apples? Which part is actually the fruit?

Answer 35

Pomes - a type of accessory fruit. Only the innermost layers are the ovary, with the hard part around the seeds being the endocarp. Most of the fleshy part is the receptacle

Question 36

What are the 4 reasons why is ingestion based dispersal advantageous?

Answer 36

1. The animal gets a meal from the fleshy mesocarp, and the the seeds get transported elsewhere
2. Animal poop is full of nutrients and is a great place to germinate
3. Gastric acid breaks down the seed coat enough to allow germination
4. Gastric acid also sterilizes the seeds

Question 37

What structure is attached to the seeds of plants that use ant-based dispersal? Which plants use it?

Answer 37

Elaiosomes, which are extremely nutritious for ants. Very common in herbaceous plants like violets