Plant cells and tissue systems

Question 1

What are the 4 types of non-vascular plant cells?

Answer 1

Meristematic, parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma

Question 2

What are meristematic cells?

Answer 2

Cells that are almost completely undifferentiated and continue to divide at maturity

Question 3

Where are meristematic cells found?

Answer 3

Root and shoot apical meristems

Question 4

What are parenchyma cells?

Answer 4

More differentiated cells that still divide at maturity

Question 5

What cell type are the majority of the cells in plant?

Answer 5

Parenchyma

Question 6

What is the structure of parenchyma cells?

Answer 6

Thin, squishy primary cell walls. Generally have no secondary cell walls

Question 7

What are the functions of parenchyma cells?

Answer 7

Jack of all trades. They are part of adventitious structures, photosynthetic cells, regeneration and wound repair, starch storage

Question 8

What is the function of the most specialized parenchyma cells?

Answer 8

Photosynthesis

Question 9

Are parenchyma cells living or dead at maturity?

Answer 9

Living

Question 10

What do collenchyma cells do?

Answer 10

Provide flexible support for young growing organs

Question 11

What is the structure of collenchyma cells?

Answer 11

Elongated, flexible cells with unevenly thickened cell walls. Generally don’t have secondary cell walls or lignin

Question 12

Are collenchyma cells living or dead at maturity?

Answer 12

Living, but don’t usually keep dividing

Question 13

What do sclerenchyma cells do?

Answer 13

Rigid support and mechanical strength. Also found in the fits of fruits to protect the seeds from the digestive systems of herbivores

Question 14

What is the structure of sclerenchyma cells?

Answer 14

Thick secondary cell walls with lignin

Question 15

Are sclerenchyma cells living or dead at maturity?

Answer 15

Dead

Question 16

What are the 3 types of vascular cells?

Answer 16

Tracheids, vessel elements and sieve tube members

Question 17

Which plants have tracheids?

Answer 17

All vascular plants

Question 18

Which plants have vessel elements?

Answer 18

Angiosperms

Question 19

What two cell types make up the xylem?

Answer 19

Tracheids and vessel elements

Question 20

What cell types make up the phloem?

Answer 20

Sieve tube members and their companion cells

Question 21

What is the structure of tracheids and vessel elements?

Answer 21

Hollow tubes with thick secondary cell walls that are impermeable to water. Cells are separated by pits that allow sap to flow across the walls

Question 22

What do tracheary elements do?

Answer 22

Conduct water and provide rigid mechanical support

Question 23

Are tracheary elements living or dead at maturity?

Answer 23

Dead

Question 24

What do sieve tube members do?

Answer 24

Conduct photosynthates, hormones, and signalling molecules from leaves to roots

Question 25

What is the structure of sieve tube members?

Answer 25

Highly specialized and reduced, with most organelles removed. Cells are separated by sieve plates that allow sap to pass through

Question 26

Are sieve tube members living or dead at maturity?

Answer 26

Living, but they are so reduced that they have companion cells that keep them alive

Question 27

What are the 3 tissue systems of plants?

Answer 27

Dermal tissue, ground tissue, vascular tissue

Question 28

What is the dermal tissue system?

Answer 28

All the outside protective tissues that are tightly packed and don’t let things through

Question 29

What 5 structures are part of the dermal tissue system?

Answer 29

Epidermis, cuticle, guard cells, trichomes, root hairs

Question 30

What does the epidermis do? What tissue system is it part of?

Answer 30

General protection layer that covers the primary plant body. Part of dermal tissue

Question 31

What does the cuticle do? What tissue system is it part of?

Answer 31

Waxy layer on the leaves that restricts water loss and keeps out pathogens. Part of dermal tissue

Question 32

What do guard cells do? What tissue system is it part of?

Answer 32

Regulate gas exchange by opening and closing the stomata. Part of dermal tissue

Question 33

What do trichomes do? What tissue system is it part of?

Answer 33

Hair like structures on the surface of a plant that is not a root hair. Glandular trichomes secrete phytochemicals and aromatics. Part of dermal tissue

Question 34

What do root hairs do? What tissue system is it part of?

Answer 34

Unicellular root protrusions that absorb water and nutrients. Part of dermal tissue

Question 35

What does the ground tissue system do?

Answer 35

Support, storage and fills up air space

Question 36

What type of cell is most prevalent in the ground tissue?

Answer 36

Parenchyma

Question 37

What does the vascular tissue system do?

Answer 37

Conducting system. Transports water, photosynthates, hormones, nutrients

Question 38

What cells are included in the vascular tissue system?

Answer 38

Xylem cells (tracheids and vessel elements), phloem sieve tube elements, any cells that support their functions, vascular cambium

Question 39

Where is the vascular cambium located in plants with secondary growth?

Answer 39

Between the xylem and the phloem

Question 40

What are the two initials in the vascular cambium? What do they do?

Answer 40

Ray initials: keep root hairs together

Fusiform initials: produce xylem and phloem

Question 41

What is the difference between tracheids and vessel elements?

Answer 41

Tracheids are narrower and in all plants, vessel elements are wider and only in angiosperms

Question 42

During secondary growth, where is secondary xylem produced? What tissue makes it?

Answer 42

Towards the inside. Produced by the fusiform initials of the vascular cambium

Question 43

During secondary growth, where is secondary phloem produced? What tissue makes it?

Answer 43

Towards the outside. Produced by the fusiform initials of the vascular cambium