Seedless Plants

Question 1

What supergroup is the plant kingdom in?

Answer 1

Archaeplastida Supergroup

Question 2

What is the common ancestor of plants and protist?

Answer 2

A green algae from the group Charophytes

Question 3

What characteristics do Charophytes and Plants share?

Answer 3

ring-shaped cellulose arrangement
flagellated sperm appear very similar
cell division patterns
sporopollenin polymer

Question 4

Where did charophytes live and what did they have?

Answer 4

water’s edge
more unfiltered sunlight
more access to CO2
more nutrients due to erosion

Question 5

What is sporopollenin?

Answer 5

a polymer that helped zygotes retain water, when they were exposed to dry conditions

Question 6

What did sporopollenin help with?

Answer 6

terrestrial living
relative scarcity of water
lack of structural support

Question 7

What four major divisions of plants are there?

Answer 7

seedless plants: non-vascular
seedless plants: vascular
seed plants: gymnosperms
seed plants: angiosperms

Question 8

What is the alternation of generations?

Answer 8

life cycles of plants alternate between two generations of distinct multicellular organisms

Question 9

What does haploid mean?

Answer 9

containing a single set of unpaired chromosomes (n)

Question 10

What does diploid mean?

Answer 10

containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent (2n)

Question 11

What are gametophytes?

Answer 11

haploid stage that can make gametes using mitosis (sperm and egg)

Question 12

What are sporophytes?

Answer 12

diploid stage that makes spores using meiosis

Question 13

What are the derived characteristics of plants?

Answer 13

alternation of generations
multicellular
walled spores in sporangia
multicellular gametangia
apical meristems
cuticle and stomata

Question 14

What do plant sporocytes make?

Answer 14

spores within multicellular structures called sporangia

Question 15

What are spores covered in?

Answer 15

thick sporopollenin wall, resistant to harsh environments

Question 16

What is gametangia?

Answer 16

multicellular organs dedicated to producing gametes

Question 17

What is archegonia?

Answer 17

female organ, which makes one non-motile egg, and is this thus the site of fertilization

Question 18

What is antheridia?

Answer 18

male organ, which makes motile sperm

Question 19

What are apical meristems?

Answer 19

plants sustain continual growth from regions of constantly dividing stem cells that differentiate into tissues

Question 20

What is the shoot meristem?

Answer 20

grows upward to increase light and CO2 exposure, often makes stems and leaves

Question 21

What is the root meristem?

Answer 21

grows down, to acquire mineral nutrients

Question 22

What is the cuticle?

Answer 22

a layer of wax, oil, or polymers to prevent water loss and protect against pathogens

Question 23

What is stomata?

Answer 23

pores that allow for the exchange of gasses (O2 and CO2) and can be opened or closed to control evaporation

Question 24

What clades are vascular seed plants divided into?

Answer 24

gymnosperms and angiosperms

Question 25

What is a seed?

Answer 25

adaptive structures in which embryos are in a protective coat with a nutrient supply

Question 26

What are gymnosperms?

Answer 26

the naked seed plants, which included conifers that often store seeds in cones

Question 27

What are angiosperms?

Answer 27

flowering plants with seeds that are often housed within fruits

Question 28

What are bryophytes?

Answer 28

non-vascular seedless plants

Question 29

What are the three phyla of bryophytes?

Answer 29

liverworts
hornworts
mosses

Question 30

What is the difference between the three phyla of bryophytes?

Answer 30

liverworts were first to evolve, don’t have stomata

hornworts and mosses posses stomata, more closely related to vascular plants

Question 31

Since bryophytes don’t have “true roots”, what anchors them?

Answer 31

rhizoids

do not move nutrients or provide structural support

Question 32

What is the dominant life stage of bryophytes?

Answer 32

haploid gametophyte

diploid sporophyte is present on females for short times

Question 33

What are the two phyla of vascular seedless plants?

Answer 33

lycophytes (not true mosses)

monoliphytes (ferns)

Question 34

What were vascular plants the first to do?

Answer 34

first plants to grow tall (tree size)

Question 35

What allowed vascular plants to grow tall?

Answer 35

evolved vascular tissues
phloem: moves sugars, amino acids, and organic products
xylem: moves water and minerals through tubes of lignin polymer
Has true roots
has true leaves

Question 36

What is the dominant life stage of vascular seedless plants?

Answer 36

diploid sporophyte stage