Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea

Question 1

What domains does prokaryotes include?

Answer 1

Bacteria and Archaea

Question 2

What are the 3 general bacteria shapes?

Answer 2

Coccus: Spherical
Bacillus: Rod-Like
Spirillum: Spiral

Question 3

What structural characteristics do bacteria and archaea share?

Answer 3

Plasma membrane
No internal membrane bound organelles
Folded internal plasma membrane for increased surface area and enzyme sites
Cell wall to maintain and protect cell
Capsules encase the outside to make it stick
Fimbriae on outside act as hair like appendages
Pilus sex pili that pulls cells near

Question 4

What is the difference between bacteria an archaea cell walls?

Answer 4

Bacteria has peptidoglycan, sugar and peptides

Archaea does not

Question 5

What is a gram positive bacteria?

Answer 5

Consists of the plasma membrane encased in the the cell wall that stains color with a gram stain
2 layers

Question 6

What a gram negative bacteria?

Answer 6

Consist of plasma membrane and a 2 layer cell wall that does not have peptidoglycan layer to interact with, does not stain
3 layers

Question 7

What do prokaryotes exhibit?

Answer 7

Motility
propelled with Flagella
Taxis: the ability to move towards or away a certain stimuli

Question 8

What internal characterization of DNA is similar in bacteria and archaea?

Answer 8

DNA in nucleoid region, no nucleus
singular circular DAN chromosome with small genome
Plasmids: small self replication rings of DNA the contain extra genes

Question 9

How do prokaryotes reproduce?

Answer 9

Through binary fission, a rapid process

Question 10

What three factors lead to prokaryotic diversity?

Answer 10

Rapid Reproduction and Short Generations
large accumulation of potentially beneficial traits via mutations
Genetic Recombination in which DNA is exchanged between cells.

Question 11

What is Transformation?

Answer 11

cells absorb and incorporate foreign DNA from external surroundings

Question 12

What is Conjugation?

Answer 12

DNA is transferred between donor and recipient cells
Donor cell with F-factor gene initiates
Sex Pili harpoons recipient and retracts
Mating bridge transfers DNA

Question 13

What is Transduction?

Answer 13

movement of genes between prokaryotes by viruses

Question 14

What is a phototroph?

Answer 14

obtains energy from light

Question 15

What is a chemotroph?

Answer 15

obtain energy from external chemicals

Question 16

What is an autotroph?

Answer 16

requires CO2 as carbon source to make compounds

Question 17

What is a heterotroph?

Answer 17

requires organic nutrients (not CO2) as carbon source to make organic compounds