Angiosperms

Question 1

What are angiosperms?

Answer 1

Flowering plants with fruits

Question 2

What is special about angiosperms?

Answer 2

they are the most widespread and diverse plants

90% of all plants are angiosperms

Question 3

What is a flower?

Answer 3

a unique angiosperm structure specialized for Sexual Reproduction
houses reproductive organs
promotes pollination

Question 4

What is fruit?

Answer 4

mature ovary that surrounds seeds after fertilization
protects developing seeds
promotes seed dispersal

Question 5

What are the four specialized shoots in a flower?

Answer 5

sepals
petals
stamens
carpels

Question 6

What are sepals?

Answer 6

the "bud"
usually green and leaf-like
protects the developing buds
some open and close with temperature and season
they are sterile

Question 7

What are petals?

Answer 7

big and brightly colored, to attract pollinators
some are smaller, often in species that use wind to spread pollen
they are sterile

Question 8

What are stamens?

Answer 8

the male reproductive organs that make microspores (pollen, haploid gametophyte)

anther: makes pollen grains
filament: elevates anther to assist pollen dispersal

Question 9

What are carpels?

Answer 9

female reproductive organs that produce megaspores (haploid gametophyte)

stigma: pollen landing site
style: elevates stigma to aid pollination, connects ovary
ovary: surrounds ovule/seed

Question 10

What does radial symmetry allow?

Answer 10

pollinator can approach from any angle, meaning pollen can stick to animal anywhere

Question 11

What does bilateral symmetry allow?

Answer 11

forces animals to approach from only one direction, focusing pollen concentration

Question 12

What happens when the pollen grain lands on the stigma?

Answer 12

pollen tubes grow into ovary to deliver sperm
fertilization leads to development of the seed
initializes development of the ovary into fruit

Question 13

What happens after fertilization?

Answer 13

the ovary matures in fruit tissue

Question 14

What is dry fruit?

Answer 14

ovary becomes hard for protection, or specialized to allow wind dispersal of seeds
eg: beans, nuts, grains, grasses, dandelions

Question 15

What is fleshy fruit?

Answer 15

ovary besoms soft, and is often sweet and edible to promote animal dispersal
eg: fruits and veggies

Question 16

What are some adaptations to fruits to disperse seed?

Answer 16

wings (dry fruit), burrs (dry fruit), floating fruits, edible fruits

Question 17

How did increased symbiosis allow angiosperms to dominate the planet?

Answer 17

evolved more partnerships to increase survival
Flowers: targeted pollen delivery
Fruits: very effective seed dispersal
Mycorrhizae: angiosperms have more elaborate root systems which boost interactions with fungi

Question 18

How did better vascular tissues allow angiosperms to dominate the planet?

Answer 18

the vascular veins in angiosperms are much more efficient, employing vessel elements and sieve tube members

Question 19

How did rapid life cycles allow angiosperms to dominate the planet?

Answer 19

gymnosperms often take years to develop, while angiosperms often take weeks

Question 20

What are two subgroups of angiosperms clade?

Answer 20

monocots and eudicots

Question 21

What are monocots?

Answer 21

have one embryonic leaf (cotyledons)

Question 22

What are eudicots?

Answer 22

have two embryonic leaves

Question 23

What are the characteristics of monocots?

Answer 23

one cotyledon: embryo has one leaf
leaf vasculature: tends to be parallel
vascular bundles: complex pattern
roots: fibrous growth
flower parts: occur in multiples of 3

Question 24

What are the characteristics of eudicots?

Answer 24

two cotyledons: embryo has two leaves
leaf vasculature: branched network
vascular bundles: organized in rings
roots: large, central taproot
flower parts: occur in multiples of 4 or 5