Animal Systems and Regulation

Question 1

What two things are closely linked in biological systems?

Answer 1

form and function

Question 2

What is natural selection?

Answer 2

will favor physical forms or biological systems that provide a function that increases fitness/survival under certain conditions
causes species to adapt

Question 3

What is biological form?

Answer 3

anatomy

Question 4

What is biological function?

Answer 4

physiology

Question 5

What is convergent evolution?

Answer 5

form following function
certain anatomy (forms) are advantageous in similar environments so unrelated species will develop biological traits with similar physiology (function) and this to evolve to look alike

Question 6

What are limitations in form?

Answer 6

need sufficient surface area on cell membranes
cells always need to remain small though rather the body remains thin or flat or cells always need contact with interstitial fluid

Question 7

How does form limitations become resolvable?

Answer 7

Coelomates organize tissues into organs
organs incorporate branching and folding of layers into the form
use systems that can bathe organs in interstitial fluids

Question 8

What are the four main types of animal tissue?

Answer 8

epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous

Question 9

What is epithelial tissue?

Answer 9

covers the body both inside and outside
cells are closely joined and vary in shape and arrangement
cells linked by tight junctions to form protective layers that prevent mechanical injury, pathogen entry, and fluid loss

Question 10

What is connective tissue?

Answer 10

sparsely packed cells that bind and supports other tissues

have ECM that makes outer foundation, filled with fibers like collagen

Question 11

What is muscle tissue?

Answer 11

long cells called muscle fibers that contract in response to nerve signals
responsible fro most forms of movement in complex animals
Skeletal: Voluntary
Smooth: Involuntary
Cardiac: Heart Contraction

Question 12

What is nervous tissue?

Answer 12

cells that detect stimuli and then transmits electrical impulses as signals throughout the animal
Neurons: detect stimuli and transmit impulses
Glia: help nourish, insulate, and replenish neurons

Question 13

What is regulation?

Answer 13

managing the internal body environment

Question 14

What is a regulator?

Answer 14

uses internal control mechanisms to moderate internal change in the face of external, environmental fluctuation

Question 15

What is a conformer?

Answer 15

allows its internal condition to vary with certain external changes

Question 16

What is homeostasis?

Answer 16

used to maintain a steady state or internal balance, regardless of external environment
body temperature
blood pH
glucose concentration

Question 17

What serves as a stimulus in homeostasis?

Answer 17

the set point, anything above or below it are detected by a sensor and trigger a response

Question 18

What is a negative feedback loop?

Answer 18

systems that help return a variable to within a normal physiological range or a steady state set point, when the internal conditions are upset

Question 19

What is a positive feedback loop?

Answer 19

an external stimulus triggers a physiological response that reinforces and amplifies that same response, so the system keeps increasing its output away from the set point
An external signal must break the loop

Question 20

What is cyclic variation?

Answer 20

Some animals will alter their internal temperature set point seasonally