Seed Plants

Question 1

Most important characteristic of seed plants

Answer 1

reproduction without water

Question 2

Adaptations to allow reproduction without water in seed plants

Answer 2

Cones and flowers
transfer of sperm of pollination
protection of embryos in seeds

Question 3

reproduction of gametes

Answer 3

female gametophyte developes inside sporophyte

Question 4

what are the benefits from the female gametophyte developing inside the sporophyte

Answer 4

provides protection from environmental stresses

allows gametophytes to obtain nutrients from parents

Question 5

describe pollen

Answer 5

developes from microspores inside sporophyte
non-flagellated sperm (gametophyte) is carried inside pollen
aides dispersal

Question 6

benefits of pollen

Answer 6

not dependent on water

carried by wind and pollinators

Question 7

describe the formation of seeds

Answer 7

sporophyte embryo packaged with food supplu in protective coat
developes from a fertilized egg in the ovule (gametophyte)

Question 8

what is the ovule

Answer 8

the female gametophyte

Question 9

where is the male gametophyte found

Answer 9

pollen

Question 10

where is the female gametophyte found

Answer 10

ovule

Question 11

what is monoecious

Answer 11

has both male and female reproductive parts on one plant

Question 12

what is dioecious

Answer 12

male and female reproductive parts on different plants

Question 13

characteristics of gymnospores

Answer 13

vascular tissue present (phloem and xylem)
naked seeds
no flowers
sporophyte is the dominant generation

Question 14

where are the ovules on a gymnospore

Answer 14

borne openly or on scale of cone

Question 15

what does gymnosperm mean

Answer 15

naked seed

Question 16

name the four classed of gymnospores

Answer 16

cycadophyta, ginkgophyta, coniferphyta, ghetophyta

Question 17

describe cycadophyta

Answer 17

evergreen shrubs
sexes seperate
symbiotic cyanobacteria in roots

Question 18

ginkophyta

Answer 18

deciduous trees
sexes seperate
ovule developes fleshy fruit

Question 19

describe conifers

Answer 19

oldest and largest trees in the world 
world-wide distribution 
leaves usually scales or needle-like 
adapted to water stress 
evergreen 
cone-bearing 
most monecious

Question 20

benefits of having scales/needle like leaves

Answer 20

reduces water loss

Question 21

how are conifers adapted to water stress

Answer 21

thick, waxy cuticle, stomata located in cavities

Question 22

Where are seeds found on the angiosperms

Answer 22

ovary

Question 23

What are the functions of the fruit of the plant

Answer 23

protects against dessecation, and being eaten too early

dispersal, attracts animals

Question 24

What are the four evolutionary advancements which allow angiosperms to be more successful than gymnosperms

Answer 24

flowers (attract vectors)
fruits (protection, dispersal)
specialized cells in the vascular tissue (effective)
double fertilization (extra food around embryo)

Question 25

What are the two sub-classes of the angiosperms

Answer 25

monocots, dicots

Question 26

describe monocot

Answer 26

single leaf, single embryo, long leaves, fibrous root, paralleled veins

Question 27

describe dicots

Answer 27

taproot, double embryo, veins are branched, xylem is in an x

Question 28

function of the roots? (3)

Answer 28

storage, absorption, support

Question 29

why are stomata usually on the lower surfaces of the leaf?

Answer 29

reduced evaporation

Question 30

What causes the change in leaf colour in autumn

Answer 30

chlorophyll dies and decomposes

Question 31

What is meristematic tissue?

Answer 31

cells that grow both xylem and phloem tissue

Question 32

Why are gymnosperms called the "naked seed" plant

Answer 32

their seeds do not have a covering

Question 33

Describe the male and female gametophytes of the gymnosperms

Answer 33

female cone- has the seeds | male cone- has the pollen

Question 34

Describe the two typed of cones in the gymnosperms.

Answer 34

female cone- had the seeds | male cone- has the pollen

Question 35

name and describe the function of the types of cells found in the vascular tissues of the gymnosperms

Answer 35

phloem- transports products of photosyntheses | xylem- transports water and minerals

Question 36

Indicate how the vascular tissue is formed

Answer 36

formed with meristematic tissue

Question 37

describe the life cycle of a gymnosperm

Answer 37

seed> sporophyte (seedling) > sporophyte (mature tree) > megasporangia (female cone)= ovule & microsporangia (male cone)= pollen> come together = seed

Question 38

describe the cause of the delevopement of annual rings

Answer 38

phloem & xylem tissue are added to the tree better conditions= larger rings, more production of cells

Question 39

describe the difference in where seeds are found in the angiosperms as compared to the naked seed plant (gymnosperms)

Answer 39

angiosperm seeds are in an ovary

Question 40

why are angiosperms considered so successful?

Answer 40

pollen vectors, flowers, fruits, specialized cells in the vascular tissue, double fertilization

Question 41

describe the co-evolution between the angiosperms and the insects

Answer 41

the angiosperms adapt to the insects, and the insects adapt to the angiosperms

Question 42

how do flowering plants rely on animals?

Answer 42

they rely on animals as vectors to spread the pollen and seeds

Question 43

describe differences in flower characteristics as related to their means in pollination

Answer 43

the specialized structures in the flower (petals, anthers, pollen,ovule, ovary)

Question 44

describe several methods of seed dispersal in the angiosperms

Answer 44

animal, wind,

Question 45

name and describe the two types of root systems in the angiosperms

Answer 45

taproot- diocot | fibrous root system- monocot

Question 46

by moving onto land, what two big issues do plants have to deal with

Answer 46

gravity, desiccation

Question 47

three adaptations to terrestrial environment

Answer 47

developement of roots, stems, vascular systems increasing the sporophyte phase of the life cycle, and decreasing the haploid phase seed and pollen protection and dispersal

Question 48

What are pollen grains

Answer 48

the male gametophyte packages in a hard coat that allows it to reach the female without having to swim through water.

Question 49

What are seeds

Answer 49

diploid sporophyte embryos, packaged to survive a period of dormancy and bad environmental conditions

Question 50

what were the first plants to have pollen grains and seeds

Answer 50

gymnospores

Question 51

describe how conifers are specifically adapted to live in dry, cool environments

Answer 51

long, thin deedles waxy cuticles stomata

Question 52

what are stomata

Answer 52

small openings to allow for gas exchange, located underneath the leaves

Question 53

explain why a conifer tree must increase its stem thickness

Answer 53

taller the tree= needs more support, needs more vascular tissue to supply the larger tree

Question 54

what differentiates the two major groups of seed plants

Answer 54

gymnosperms- have naked seeds | angiosperms- have flowers, and seed capsules

Question 55

list all characteristics of angiosperms

Answer 55

``` flowers seeds enclosed in ovary seasonal flat leaves hardwood relies mostly on animals for pollen dispersal makes medications xylem has tracheiost has larger vessel cells= more efficient gametophyte in seperate specialized structures double fertilization ```

Question 56

list all characteristics of gy,nospores

Answer 56

``` cones naked seeds evergreen scale-needle-like seeds soft wood relies mostly on wind for dispersal paper and lumber single fertilization male cone, female cone ```

Question 57

describe the function of flowers

Answer 57

- specialized reproductive structures | - attracts pollinators if plant is not wind-pollinated

Question 58

what is co-evolution

Answer 58

flowering plants are adapting to their pollinators (insects), which are in turn adapting to the plants

Question 59

name all 4 flower types

Answer 59

complete incomplete perfect imperfect

Question 60

describe a complete flower

Answer 60

has all 4 flower parts

Question 61

describe a incomplete flower

Answer 61

missing a part

Question 62

describe a perfect flower

Answer 62

has male and female parts

Question 63

describe an imperfect flower

Answer 63

only female or male part

Question 64

fruit structure and function

Answer 64

mature ovary protects seeds from dessecation aids dispersal of seeds

Question 65

describe simple fruits

Answer 65

arise form one ovary in one flower

Question 66

describe aggregate fruits

Answer 66

arise from several ovaries from one flower

Question 67

describe multiple fruits

Answer 67

arise from ovaried in several tightly-clustered flowers which grow together into one fruit.