Seed Plants Flashcards
Most important characteristic of seed plants
reproduction without water
Adaptations to allow reproduction without water in seed plants
Cones and flowers
transfer of sperm of pollination
protection of embryos in seeds
reproduction of gametes
female gametophyte developes inside sporophyte
what are the benefits from the female gametophyte developing inside the sporophyte
provides protection from environmental stresses
allows gametophytes to obtain nutrients from parents
describe pollen
developes from microspores inside sporophyte
non-flagellated sperm (gametophyte) is carried inside pollen
aides dispersal
benefits of pollen
not dependent on water
carried by wind and pollinators
describe the formation of seeds
sporophyte embryo packaged with food supplu in protective coat
developes from a fertilized egg in the ovule (gametophyte)
what is the ovule
the female gametophyte
where is the male gametophyte found
pollen
where is the female gametophyte found
ovule
what is monoecious
has both male and female reproductive parts on one plant
what is dioecious
male and female reproductive parts on different plants
characteristics of gymnospores
vascular tissue present (phloem and xylem)
naked seeds
no flowers
sporophyte is the dominant generation
where are the ovules on a gymnospore
borne openly or on scale of cone
what does gymnosperm mean
naked seed
name the four classed of gymnospores
cycadophyta, ginkgophyta, coniferphyta, ghetophyta
describe cycadophyta
evergreen shrubs
sexes seperate
symbiotic cyanobacteria in roots
ginkophyta
deciduous trees
sexes seperate
ovule developes fleshy fruit
describe conifers
oldest and largest trees in the world world-wide distribution leaves usually scales or needle-like adapted to water stress evergreen cone-bearing most monecious
benefits of having scales/needle like leaves
reduces water loss
how are conifers adapted to water stress
thick, waxy cuticle, stomata located in cavities
Where are seeds found on the angiosperms
ovary
What are the functions of the fruit of the plant
protects against dessecation, and being eaten too early
dispersal, attracts animals
What are the four evolutionary advancements which allow angiosperms to be more successful than gymnosperms
flowers (attract vectors)
fruits (protection, dispersal)
specialized cells in the vascular tissue (effective)
double fertilization (extra food around embryo)
What are the two sub-classes of the angiosperms
monocots, dicots
describe monocot
single leaf, single embryo, long leaves, fibrous root, paralleled veins
describe dicots
taproot, double embryo, veins are branched, xylem is in an x
function of the roots? (3)
storage, absorption, support
why are stomata usually on the lower surfaces of the leaf?
reduced evaporation
What causes the change in leaf colour in autumn
chlorophyll dies and decomposes
What is meristematic tissue?
cells that grow both xylem and phloem tissue
Why are gymnosperms called the “naked seed” plant
their seeds do not have a covering
Describe the male and female gametophytes of the gymnosperms
female cone- has the seeds
male cone- has the pollen
Describe the two typed of cones in the gymnosperms.
female cone- had the seeds
male cone- has the pollen
name and describe the function of the types of cells found in the vascular tissues of the gymnosperms
phloem- transports products of photosyntheses
xylem- transports water and minerals
Indicate how the vascular tissue is formed
formed with meristematic tissue
describe the life cycle of a gymnosperm
seed> sporophyte (seedling) > sporophyte (mature tree) > megasporangia (female cone)= ovule & microsporangia (male cone)= pollen> come together = seed
describe the cause of the delevopement of annual rings
phloem & xylem tissue are added to the tree
better conditions= larger rings, more production of cells
describe the difference in where seeds are found in the angiosperms as compared to the naked seed plant (gymnosperms)
angiosperm seeds are in an ovary
why are angiosperms considered so successful?
pollen vectors, flowers, fruits, specialized cells in the vascular tissue, double fertilization
describe the co-evolution between the angiosperms and the insects
the angiosperms adapt to the insects, and the insects adapt to the angiosperms
how do flowering plants rely on animals?
they rely on animals as vectors to spread the pollen and seeds
describe differences in flower characteristics as related to their means in pollination
the specialized structures in the flower (petals, anthers, pollen,ovule, ovary)
describe several methods of seed dispersal in the angiosperms
animal, wind,
name and describe the two types of root systems in the angiosperms
taproot- diocot
fibrous root system- monocot
by moving onto land, what two big issues do plants have to deal with
gravity, desiccation
three adaptations to terrestrial environment
developement of roots, stems, vascular systems
increasing the sporophyte phase of the life cycle, and decreasing the haploid phase
seed and pollen protection and dispersal
What are pollen grains
the male gametophyte packages in a hard coat that allows it to reach the female without having to swim through water.
What are seeds
diploid sporophyte embryos, packaged to survive a period of dormancy and bad environmental conditions
what were the first plants to have pollen grains and seeds
gymnospores
describe how conifers are specifically adapted to live in dry, cool environments
long, thin deedles
waxy cuticles
stomata
what are stomata
small openings to allow for gas exchange, located underneath the leaves
explain why a conifer tree must increase its stem thickness
taller the tree= needs more support, needs more vascular tissue to supply the larger tree
what differentiates the two major groups of seed plants
gymnosperms- have naked seeds
angiosperms- have flowers, and seed capsules
list all characteristics of angiosperms
flowers seeds enclosed in ovary seasonal flat leaves hardwood relies mostly on animals for pollen dispersal makes medications xylem has tracheiost has larger vessel cells= more efficient gametophyte in seperate specialized structures double fertilization
list all characteristics of gy,nospores
cones naked seeds evergreen scale-needle-like seeds soft wood relies mostly on wind for dispersal paper and lumber single fertilization male cone, female cone
describe the function of flowers
- specialized reproductive structures
- attracts pollinators if plant is not wind-pollinated
what is co-evolution
flowering plants are adapting to their pollinators (insects), which are in turn adapting to the plants
name all 4 flower types
complete
incomplete
perfect
imperfect
describe a complete flower
has all 4 flower parts
describe a incomplete flower
missing a part
describe a perfect flower
has male and female parts
describe an imperfect flower
only female or male part
fruit structure and function
mature ovary
protects seeds from dessecation
aids dispersal of seeds
describe simple fruits
arise form one ovary in one flower
describe aggregate fruits
arise from several ovaries from one flower
describe multiple fruits
arise from ovaried in several tightly-clustered flowers which grow together into one fruit.
