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Biology 11 > Seed Plants > Flashcards

Seed Plants Flashcards

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1
Q

Most important characteristic of seed plants

A

reproduction without water

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2
Q

Adaptations to allow reproduction without water in seed plants

A

Cones and flowers
transfer of sperm of pollination
protection of embryos in seeds

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3
Q

reproduction of gametes

A

female gametophyte developes inside sporophyte

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4
Q

what are the benefits from the female gametophyte developing inside the sporophyte

A

provides protection from environmental stresses

allows gametophytes to obtain nutrients from parents

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5
Q

describe pollen

A

developes from microspores inside sporophyte
non-flagellated sperm (gametophyte) is carried inside pollen
aides dispersal

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6
Q

benefits of pollen

A

not dependent on water

carried by wind and pollinators

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7
Q

describe the formation of seeds

A

sporophyte embryo packaged with food supplu in protective coat
developes from a fertilized egg in the ovule (gametophyte)

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8
Q

what is the ovule

A

the female gametophyte

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9
Q

where is the male gametophyte found

A

pollen

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10
Q

where is the female gametophyte found

A

ovule

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11
Q

what is monoecious

A

has both male and female reproductive parts on one plant

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12
Q

what is dioecious

A

male and female reproductive parts on different plants

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13
Q

characteristics of gymnospores

A

vascular tissue present (phloem and xylem)
naked seeds
no flowers
sporophyte is the dominant generation

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14
Q

where are the ovules on a gymnospore

A

borne openly or on scale of cone

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15
Q

what does gymnosperm mean

A

naked seed

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16
Q

name the four classed of gymnospores

A

cycadophyta, ginkgophyta, coniferphyta, ghetophyta

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17
Q

describe cycadophyta

A

evergreen shrubs
sexes seperate
symbiotic cyanobacteria in roots

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18
Q

ginkophyta

A

deciduous trees
sexes seperate
ovule developes fleshy fruit

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19
Q

describe conifers

A 
oldest and largest trees in the world 
world-wide distribution 
leaves usually scales or needle-like 
adapted to water stress 
evergreen 
cone-bearing 
most monecious
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20
Q

benefits of having scales/needle like leaves

A

reduces water loss

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21
Q

how are conifers adapted to water stress

A

thick, waxy cuticle, stomata located in cavities

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22
Q

Where are seeds found on the angiosperms

A

ovary

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23
Q

What are the functions of the fruit of the plant

A

protects against dessecation, and being eaten too early

dispersal, attracts animals

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24
Q

What are the four evolutionary advancements which allow angiosperms to be more successful than gymnosperms

A

flowers (attract vectors)
fruits (protection, dispersal)
specialized cells in the vascular tissue (effective)
double fertilization (extra food around embryo)

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25
Q

What are the two sub-classes of the angiosperms

A

monocots, dicots

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26
Q

describe monocot

A

single leaf, single embryo, long leaves, fibrous root, paralleled veins

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27
Q

describe dicots

A

taproot, double embryo, veins are branched, xylem is in an x

28
Q

function of the roots? (3)

A

storage, absorption, support

29
Q

why are stomata usually on the lower surfaces of the leaf?

A

reduced evaporation

30
Q

What causes the change in leaf colour in autumn

A

chlorophyll dies and decomposes

31
Q

What is meristematic tissue?

A

cells that grow both xylem and phloem tissue

32
Q

Why are gymnosperms called the “naked seed” plant

A

their seeds do not have a covering

33
Q

Describe the male and female gametophytes of the gymnosperms

A

female cone- has the seeds

male cone- has the pollen

34
Q

Describe the two typed of cones in the gymnosperms.

A

female cone- had the seeds

male cone- has the pollen

35
Q

name and describe the function of the types of cells found in the vascular tissues of the gymnosperms

A

phloem- transports products of photosyntheses

xylem- transports water and minerals

36
Q

Indicate how the vascular tissue is formed

A

formed with meristematic tissue

37
Q

describe the life cycle of a gymnosperm

A

seed> sporophyte (seedling) > sporophyte (mature tree) > megasporangia (female cone)= ovule & microsporangia (male cone)= pollen> come together = seed

38
Q

describe the cause of the delevopement of annual rings

A

phloem & xylem tissue are added to the tree

better conditions= larger rings, more production of cells

39
Q

describe the difference in where seeds are found in the angiosperms as compared to the naked seed plant (gymnosperms)

A

angiosperm seeds are in an ovary

40
Q

why are angiosperms considered so successful?

A

pollen vectors, flowers, fruits, specialized cells in the vascular tissue, double fertilization

41
Q

describe the co-evolution between the angiosperms and the insects

A

the angiosperms adapt to the insects, and the insects adapt to the angiosperms

42
Q

how do flowering plants rely on animals?

A

they rely on animals as vectors to spread the pollen and seeds

43
Q

describe differences in flower characteristics as related to their means in pollination

A

the specialized structures in the flower (petals, anthers, pollen,ovule, ovary)

44
Q

describe several methods of seed dispersal in the angiosperms

A

animal, wind,

45
Q

name and describe the two types of root systems in the angiosperms

A

taproot- diocot

fibrous root system- monocot

46
Q

by moving onto land, what two big issues do plants have to deal with

A

gravity, desiccation

47
Q

three adaptations to terrestrial environment

A

developement of roots, stems, vascular systems
increasing the sporophyte phase of the life cycle, and decreasing the haploid phase
seed and pollen protection and dispersal

48
Q

What are pollen grains

A

the male gametophyte packages in a hard coat that allows it to reach the female without having to swim through water.

49
Q

What are seeds

A

diploid sporophyte embryos, packaged to survive a period of dormancy and bad environmental conditions

50
Q

what were the first plants to have pollen grains and seeds

A

gymnospores

51
Q

describe how conifers are specifically adapted to live in dry, cool environments

A

long, thin deedles
waxy cuticles
stomata

52
Q

what are stomata

A

small openings to allow for gas exchange, located underneath the leaves

53
Q

explain why a conifer tree must increase its stem thickness

A

taller the tree= needs more support, needs more vascular tissue to supply the larger tree

54
Q

what differentiates the two major groups of seed plants

A

gymnosperms- have naked seeds

angiosperms- have flowers, and seed capsules

55
Q

list all characteristics of angiosperms

A 
flowers
seeds enclosed in ovary 
seasonal 
flat leaves 
hardwood 
relies mostly on animals for pollen dispersal 
makes medications 
xylem has tracheiost 
has larger vessel cells= more efficient
gametophyte in seperate specialized structures 
double fertilization
56
Q

list all characteristics of gy,nospores

A 
cones 
naked seeds 
evergreen
scale-needle-like seeds 
soft wood 
relies mostly on wind for dispersal 
paper and lumber 
single fertilization 
male cone, female cone
57
Q

describe the function of flowers

A
  • specialized reproductive structures

- attracts pollinators if plant is not wind-pollinated

58
Q

what is co-evolution

A

flowering plants are adapting to their pollinators (insects), which are in turn adapting to the plants

59
Q

name all 4 flower types

A

complete
incomplete
perfect
imperfect

60
Q

describe a complete flower

A

has all 4 flower parts

61
Q

describe a incomplete flower

A

missing a part

62
Q

describe a perfect flower

A

has male and female parts

63
Q

describe an imperfect flower

A

only female or male part

64
Q

fruit structure and function

A

mature ovary
protects seeds from dessecation
aids dispersal of seeds

65
Q

describe simple fruits

A

arise form one ovary in one flower

66
Q

describe aggregate fruits

A

arise from several ovaries from one flower

67
Q

describe multiple fruits

A

arise from ovaried in several tightly-clustered flowers which grow together into one fruit.

Biology 11 (27 decks)

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