Bacteria Flashcards
Describe bacteria
most common, most primitive, earliest life form
Where are bacteria found?
Found in soil, water , bodies, air,
Prokaryotic?
no nucleus or membrane bound organelles
Characteristics of bacteria?
- unicellular
- has a cell wall of peptodolycan (carb+protein)
- can be either autotrophic or heterotrophic
- mostly asexual reproduction
What is eubacteria?
-True bacteria
- widely dispersed
- cell wall
- prokaryotic
- heterotrophic
ie- cyanobacteria (green)
Archaebacteria?
-ancient
-live in extreme environments (boiling water, freezer)
-anaerobic
- no cell wall
ie- methanogens
What are the five things bacteria are classified by?q
- Shape
- Motility
- Energy release
- Cell wall
- Nutrition
Three shapes of bacteria?
- Bacillus (rod)
- Coccus (sphere)
- Spirilla (spiral)
Motility of bacteria?
- Mobile
a) flagella (whip like tail)
b) gliding
c) tumbling
d) twisting - Immobile
Diversity of cell wall of bacteria?
- One layer of cell wall made of carb+protein (Peptodoglycan) = GRAM POSITIVE VIOLET
- Two layers of cell wall; second layer made of lipid+carb which repels the gram violet but absorbs the GRAM NEGATIVE RED (Saarinen)
How do antibiotics kill bacteria?
disrupt the cell wall
-puncture & burst
How do bacteria (monerans) obtain energy?
- Autotrophic
a) phototrophic= get food from light
b) chemotrophic= get food from inorganic compounds - Heterotrophic
a) Chemotrophic heterotroph= get food from organic molecules (carbon)
i. Saphrohyptic
ii. parasitic
b) Phototrophic heterotroph= Get food from light but also need to suppliment with organic componds
What is an autotroph?
Organism who makes own food
heterotroph?
Organism who needs to intake food
Phototrophic monera?
Gets food from light
Chemotrophic monera?
Gets food from inorganic compounds
ie- nitrosomonas, rhitzobium
Chemotrophic heterotroph?
Gets food from organic molecules
2 types of chemotrophic heterotroph?
- Saprohyptic- organism that absorbs food from decaying matter
- Parasitic- organism who lives on or in body of host and recieves nourishment from host
Phototrophic heterotroph?
Gets food from the light, but also needs to suppliment with organic compounds
What is aerobic respiration?
- Cellular respiration
- they free oxygen used to break down food molecules
- release energy
What is an obligate aerobe?
They are bacteria who can not live without oxygen
What is anaerobic respiration?
- Fermentation
- Produced energy without oxygen
What can oblicage anaerobes not survive with?
oxygen
What can obligate aerobes not survive without?
Oxygen
What is a faculative anaerobic?1
They are bacteria that can survive with or without oxygen
How do monera reproduce?
Mostly asexual reproduction
Describe conjugation
- Most primitive way of asexual reproduction
- Two bacterial cells come together=cell wass breaks down= Conjugation tube= DNA plasmid (disk) from one cell enters in the other one
What is an endospore?
- Not reproduction
- method for survival of adverse conditions
- Endospore develops inside cell membrane with enough protoplasm (DNA) to survive many years in a DORMANT STATE
- when conditions become suitable, endospore becomes active as a regular bacteria cell
- certain disease causing bacteria can be virulent (alive/can come alive) 1300 years after forming endospore
How many years can endospores last?
Many.
certain disease causing bacteria endospores can still be virulent 1300 years after forming
What is the ecological role of bacteria?
-most bacteria DECOMPOSE + RECYCLE organic molecules into nutrients
Can bacteria preform nitrogen fixation?
Yes
they convert nitrogen in the air to a form plants can use to form protein
What are pathogenic bacteria?
-disease causing
-damages host
-ingested or inhaled
1. Directly damages cells or tissues
ie. salmonella, tuberculosis
2. Produces poisons or toxins
ie- botulism, anthrax
What are symbiotic monera?
-bacteria
-produce vitamins
-breakdown food in digestive track
ie- ecoli
In what ways do humans use bacteria?
-production of food (bread, cheese)
5 ways your body protects you from bacteria?
- barriers
2 phagocytes (white blood cells) - fevers (less effective than with virus)
- antitoxins (antibodies that bind to inactive toxin)
- Antibodies (bind to and inactivate bacteria)
What is an antiseptic?
They destroy or inacticate microorganisms on living tissue
eg- alcohol
Define the term prokaryotic and identity those organisms in this group
Do not have a nucleus or other organelles
Bacteria
Name the 4 parts of a bacterial cell
nucleoid plasmid cytoplasm ribosomes endospore
Define culture (bacteria)
The cultivation of bacteria in an artificial medium containing nutrients
Pathogen
Disease causing
Nutrient agar
A general-purpose, nutrient medium used for the cultivation of microbes
Incoulate
To treat something with a vaccine
Gram Positive
- Stains violet
- peptoglycan cell wall absorbs it
- One cell wall
Gram Negative
- stains red
- Lipid layer repels the violet but absorbs this
- Two cell walls
Example of an autotrophic bacteria
cyanobacteria
Example of a heterotrophic bacteria
e.coli
symptoms of salmonella
diarrhea, fever, abdominal cramps
symptoms of staphlocauccus
nausea, explosive vomiting, diarrea, cramps, headache
colostridium botulinium
- can not grow if exposed to oxygen
- paralytic illness
- nerve poison
- do not eat canned foods if the seal had been broken, or if it is damages/dented
human uses for bacteria
- Produce antibodies
- Make medically improtant proteins (insulin)
- Food suppliments
- food production
- break down sewage
rhizobium bacteria?
bacteria which fix nitrogen in the soil
-require a plant host
-
saphrohyte
lives on dead or decaying organic matter
3 bacteria caused diseases
ecoli poisoning
hpv
gonorrhea,
staphlococcus
how do we control bacterial growth?
aseptic techniques
over use of antibiotics will cause?
Bacteria resistance
where bacteria are resistant to the antibiotics, and it no longer harms them
