Section One Flashcards
What is the goal of Art History?
To understand the work of art and its meaning in its historical context, taking into consideration it’s qualities, function, goals and intentions of artist and patron, social position and perspectives of the audiences
What is art history?
An academic discipline dedicated to the reconstruction of the social, cultural and economic contexts in which an object was created
What disciplines is art history also related to?
Anthropology, history and sociology
Art history often overlaps…
Aesthetics and art criticism
What is aesthetics?
Philosophical inquiry into the nature or expression of beauty
What is art criticism?
Explanation of current art events to the general public via the press
In the past art historians limited thier focus to?
Fine art
What does fine art include?
Paintings, prints, drawings, culture and architecture
What do art historians study today that was generally ignored in the past?
Crafts such as textiles, pottery and body art such as tattoos
Modern day art historians also include what in the category of art?
Mass-produced posters and advertisements, as well as design of ordinary objects
What differences influence the meaning of a work per person?
Social status, education, physical access to the work, religious background, race and gender
What are the two methods of art analysis?
Formal analysis and contextual analysis
What is formal analysis?
When it is assumed that the decisions that the artist makes about his work reveals something about the meaning. Requires excellent skills in observation. Also the object is the primary focus
What is contextual analysis?
When you look outside the work to determine its meaning. Focuses on social, cultural, religious and economic context in which the art is produced. Issues such as patronage, viewer access, physical location, cost and the relation of subject matter to other works
Archival sources include?
Letters between artist and Patron, documents relating to the commission and art criticism at the time of the works production
Who wrote Natural History?
Pliny the Elder
What was Natural History?
A book that analyzed historical and contemporary art
What did Giorgio Vasari write?
The Lives of the Artists
Who wrote The Lives of the Artists?
Giorgio Vasari
What is the Lives of the Artists?
A book that provides insights into the changing roles of artists in society during the Renaissance and the developing concept of artistic genius
Modern art was strongly influenced by what person?
Johann Joachim Winckelmann
What did Winckelmann shift to?
A rigorous study of stylistic development as related to historical context
Art history now includes viewpoints from?
Marxism, feminism and psychology
What is the oldest work of art studied?
The cave paintings in Chauvet Cave in southeastern France
When were the Chauvet Cave paintings discovered?
1994
When were the Chauvet Cave paintings painted?
30,000 BC The Old Stone Age or Upper Paleolithic Period
What colors were used in the Chauvet Cave paintings?
Red ochre, black charcoal and minimal use of yellow
The Chauvet Cave paintings depict what animals?
Horses, rhinoceros, lions, buffaloes and mammoths
The later cave paintings 15,000 to 10,000 BC depict what animals?
Horses, bears, lions, bison, mammoths and outlines of human hands
The later cave paintings use what colors?
Red and yellow ochre as well as black charcoal
What is the name of the most famous nude female statues with exaggerated breasts, bellies and pubic areas?
Venus (woman) of Willendorf
What are the Venus of Willendorf’s dimensions?
4 and 1/8 inches high
What is wrong with the Venus of Willendorf?
The facial features are undefined, the arms are barely visible and the feet are missing
When were the rock dwelling paintings in eastern Spain created?
7000 BC to 4000 BC Middle Stone Age or Mesolithic Period
What is the main difference between the rock paintings and the cave paintings?
The rock paintings show human figures, singly or in groups with an emphasis on dominating animals
What art form is most linked to the New Stone Age or Neolithic Period?
Rows or rings of rough hewn stones in Western Europe
The culture that created the stone rings were termed?
Mesolithic
What is the most well known rock circle?
Stonehenge on Salisbury Plain in Wiltshire, England
Describe how Stonehenge is formatted?
An outermost ring of sarson stones in a post and lintel construction, the next ring is comprised of bluestones encircling a horse-shoe shaped row of five lintel stopped sarson stones. Outside to the northeast is a vertical heel-stone that marks the point at which the sun rises on the midsummer solstice
Why are there so few examples of Mesopotamian Art?
Because there were few natural barriers to invasion and the Mesopotamian cultures used perishable materials in their art
When were the Sumerians creating sculptures and buildings in Mesopotamia?
4000 BC
When did Sargon of Akkad control Sumer?
2333 BC
What does Akkadian art emphasize?
The monarchy as depicted in free standing statues reliefs
When did Akkadian rule end?
2150 BC
What happened in 2100 BC?
Sumer took back power and began building ziggurats
Who was Hammurabi?
A Babylonian ruler who cemented power in 1792 BC and wrote his code of laws
What is the best known artwork from the Babylonian Period?
A stone stele with Hammurabi’s code at the top and Hammurabi receiving inspiration for his code from the sun-god Shamash
Who dominated Mesopotamia in the north?
The Assyrians
When were the Assyrians the most powerful?
900 to 600 BC
What are the most notable Assyrian artworks?
Relief carvings depicting battles, sieges, hunts and other important events
When were the Hanging Gardens of Babylon constructed?
During the Neo-Babylonian Period
What was the gateway to the temple of the ziggurat of Bel called?
Ishtar Gate which has aimal figures super imposed on a walled surface
What were the Persians notable for?
Architectural achievements including the Persepolis palace made out of stone, brick and wood
The Egyptian art is notable for?
The Sphinx, Giza pyramids, larger than life statues of the Pharaohs and the portrait head of Queen Nefertiti
Egyptian art uses what style?
Hierarchical which uses the statues of figures to determine their relative sizes in the art work
Describe the Palette of King Narmer?
A slab of stone depicting the King larger than all the other figures, holding the hair of a fallen enemy preparing for a death blow. Each figure is represented so that each body part is shown as clearly as possible
Why do we know a great deal about Egyptian art?
Because of excellent preservation techniques and the burial customs
What is the most famous tomb and why is it?
King Tutankhamen because his tomb wasn’t broken into and robbed like most tombs
What is the most famous object from King Tut’s tomb?
His burial mask
What three cultures flourished along the islands of the Aegean Sea, Crete and the Aegean Coast?
Cycladic, Minoan and Mycenaean
When was the Cycladic culture around?
3200 to 2000 BC
What figures are highly appealing to modern sensibilities?
Simplified, geometric nude female figures
What did the Cycladic’s produce as well as the female sculptures?
Decorated pieces of pottery as well as marble bowls and jars
Where did the Minoan culture develop
On the island of Crete, centered around the city of Knossos
When did the Minoan’s reach their peak of power?
200 BC
Where did the legend of the Minotaur actually take place?
In the city of Knossos in the royal palace
What does the art of the Minoan culture depict?
Sea life and statues of a female snake goddess
What were the two major paintings forms that the Minoans painted?
Frescoes on palace walls and pottery designs
What were the Minoan architectural achievements?
Four major places, unfortified, light and organic in style
What do many historians believe happened to the Minoans?
That they were destroyed by the Myceneans
What did the Mycenaeans create?
Elaborate tombs, skilled relief sculptures and mastery of gold smithing
What was the difference between the Greek and Egyptian statues?
The Greek statues used the same frontal pose but were more dynamic and placed greater emphasis on depicting realistic human features
What materials did the Greeks use in scuplture?
Limestone and marble
What were the sculptures of the Early Classical Period characterized by?
Solemnity, strength and simplicity of form, often focusing on a figure the moment before or after an important action
The stiff frontal posture of the Archaic Period were abandoned during the Early Classical Period for?
More complex and life-like figures and positions
What was Contrapposto?
Counter positioning, a form where a standing figure has his weight on one for for a more relaxed pose
Greek sculpture set the standard for art during what movements?
Renaissance, Baroque and Necolassical
The Middle Classical Period is important due to the advances in?
Temples, such as the Parthenon which was destroyed by Persians and then rebuilt
Why did architecture decline in the Late Classical Period?
Because Athens was defeated during the Peloponnesian War
The Hellenistic Period saw a blending of what two styles?
Greek and Asian Minor styles
What works were notable from the Hellenistic Period?
Venus die Milo and the Lacoon Group
Etruscan art is seen as a transition between?
The ideals of the Greece to the pragmatic conerns of the Romans
Why are there no remaining Etruscan buildings?
Because they were built out of brick and wood
The only paintings from the Etruscan culture are?
Paintings on tombs that depict figures playing music and dancing during funeral celebrations painted in bright, flat colors
The Etruscan’s were talented in?
Bronze work
The Roman sculptures and other artworks reflected the influence of what culture?
The Greeks
The discovery of what was a major contribution to architecture?
A modern day equivalent of concrete
The two buildings that can still be seen in Rome are?
The Colosseum and the Pantheon
What were Roman sculptures used in?
Funeral processions, the sculpture was the deceased family member, also on top of triumphal arches displaying Roman emperors or military victories. In each case the idealized portrait of the man was presented based on Roman ideals
What art form is best known from the Byzantine Empire?
The mosaic where small ceramic tiles or other material were set into a ground to make large murals
Mosaics are largely from what religion?
Christian
What Byzantine work is considered one of the greatest architectural achievements in history?
The Hagia Sophia
During the medieval era art was generally preserved by the…
Church
During the Medieval Era books were confined to…
The monasteries
The books held in monasteries helped to do what?
Help facilitate the spread of artistic ideals between Northern and Southern Europe
Two notable examples of books were?
The Book of Kells and The Coronation Gospels
The art of the early Germanic peoples is notable for their?
Metalwork that was abstract, decorative and geometric often taking the form of small-scale portable jewelry or ornaments made of bronze, silver or gold and covered with patterns of jewels
What was the most important medium to the Vikings?
Wood
The blending of the artistic styles of the Vikings, Anglo-Saxons and Celtic Ireland formed a style called?
Hiberno-Saxon
In later medieval art the architecture of what became the dominant art form?
Churches
The style of church architecture that uses a Roman arch is called?
Romanesque
What is one famous example of a Romanesque Church?
Saint-Sernin in Toulouse, France
A tunnel of arches is called a?
Barrel Cault
Because of the massive walls to support the heavy stone arches the buildings window and door openings were usually?
Kept small and decorated with cavings or relief sculpture
The Gothic Style was popular between?
The first half of the 12th century and into the 16the century
The use of pointed arches caused what in architecture?
The eye to be drawn upward and towards heaven
What was the purpose of the flying buttress?
To counterattack the downward and outward pressure of the arches
A classical example of a Gothic Cathedral is?
Chartres Cathedral in France
The artist most mentioned with the transition between Goth and Renaissance was?
A Florentine named Giotto di bondone who was known for his frescoes?
What was the key advance that was visible in Giotto’s work was his use of?
The simple perspective by overlapping and modeling his figures in the round
Giotto was different from many Gothic works as he?
Gave his figures powerful gestures and emotional expressions
Who were major patrons of the arts during the Renaissance and why?
The wealthy families because the invention of paper money allowed vast private fortuens to be accumulated
Why did Greek and Roman works have such a tremendous impact on the Renaissance?
Because these works were readily accessible in Italy
Unlike with the Greeks where artists were considered artisans, the Renaissance artists were recognized as?
Intellectual figures
Who won the competition in Florence for the doors of the new baptistery?
Lorenzo Ghiberti who had the design of Isaac as Classical Greek figure being sacrificed. It was so popular he made a second set of doors that Michelangelo dubbed the Gates of Paridise
What were the Gates of Paradise?
The second set of doors the Lorenzo Ghiberti designed
Who received the second place award?
Filippo Brunelleschi
How did Brunelleschi complete the dome of the Florence cathedral?
By using a double-shelled dome design
Brunelleschi is credited with developing what perspective?
Linear or single vanishing point perspective
Who put the linear perspective into practice?
Masaccio who used both linear and arieal perspective in his frescoes
Who is considered the founder of modern sculpture?
Donatello 1389-1466
What was the first free standing nude since antiquity?
A bronze David by Donatello
What was the name of the painting that established a vision of female beauty and was the first full length nude female since antiquity?
The Birth of Venus by Botticelli
What were the two models for the term Renaissance Man?
Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci
Leonardo da Vinci was known as?
An architect, engineer, painter, sculptor, scientist and musician
What two paintings are so well known that they have become hallmarks of modern culture?
The Last Supper and the Mona Lisa
What does sfumato mean and what does it do?
It means smoke and it blends forms subtly into one another without any perceptible transitions
Who took a flawed piece of marble and turned into his version of David?
Michelangelo di Buonarotti
What were the three paintings that Michelangelo created for Pope Julius II’S tomb?
Moses, the Dying Slave and the Bound Slave
After Pope Julius II cancelled his tomb what did he commission Michelangelo to do?
Decorate the 700 square yard roof of the Sistine Chapel
Who was one of the most inluential painters of the High Renaissance?
Raphael Sanzio
What was the School of Athens?
A homage to the great Greek scientists and philosophers
What was the Sistine Madanna?
A painting of the Virgin Mar that has endured in religious paintings through the centuries
Who was credited with making innovations in the subject matter of landscapes?
Giorgione
What was the different about the Tempest?
Giorgione made the landscape the subject and painted that first
Who was well known for his paintings of his patrons and was recognized as the greatest colorists of the Renaissance artists?
Titian Vecelli
Who was often linked with the artistic style known as Mannerism?
Tintoretto
What are Mannerist works characterized by?
Distortion of certain elements such as scale and are often recognizable by use of acidic colors and twisted positioning of their subjects
What is chiaroscuro?
The dramatic contrasts of light and dark hat heightens the emotional impact of the subject
What was the impact of the Reformation on art?
A move away from the richly decorated churches and religious imagery
What did the Church do in response to the Reformation?
Launch the Counter Reformation
What was the Counter Reformation?
A re-emphasis on lavish decoration and art of a highly dramatic and emotional nature
Who was on e of the artists most closely associated with the Counter Reformation?
Dominikos Theotokopoulos a.k.a. El Greco
What was the difference in art in the North from South Europe?
The North’s art was smaller and displayed a greater degree of realistic detail than the South
Why was the influence of classical antiquity much less prominent in the North than the South?
Because the North had less access to the classical works located in Italy
What are two ways that influences from the South spread to the North?
Through engravings and through trade between German and Venetian merchants
What two artist are considered the greatest artists of the Renaissance in Northern Europe?
Matthias Grunewald and Albrecht Drurer
What is Grunewald known for?
Religious scenes and his depiction of Christ’s crucifixion as well the Isenheim Alterpiece, a work with nine panels on two sets of folding wings
What is considered Grunewald’s greatest masterpiece?
The Isenheim Altarpiece
What did Albrecht Druerer aim to do?
Achieve a style that combined the naturalistic ideals favored by the North with the theoretical ideals from the Italians
Who created the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse?
Albrecht Druerer
What German artist is known as one of the Renaissance’s greatest portraitists?
Hans Holbein the Younger
Who was the court painter of King Henry VIII and showed talent for presenting details and capturing the psychological character of his troops?
Hans Holbein the Younger
When was the Baroque Era?
Late 16th century to mid 18th century
What was the difference between the Renaissance and Baroque artworks?
Baroque artworks are less static and characterized by a greater sense of movement and energy
What were the most powerful rules of their time in the Baroque Era?
Empress Maria Theresa of Austria, Peter and Catherine the Great of Russia, and King Louis XIV of France
What has the word Baroque come to represent?
A richness of color and ornamentation that heightened the motion and energy of the work
What Italian painter was well known for his dramatic use of the contrast between light and dark which influenced other artists?
Caravaggio 1571-1610
The extreme contrast between light and dark coined the term?
Caraveggesque
Why did several of Caravaggio’s patrons reject his works?
Because he used naturalism in his paintings
What was the name of the main female Baroque artist?
Artemisia Gentileschi 1593-1652
What is Gentileshi known for?
Self portraits and paintings of Olde Testament women
Who was the most important Baroque artist?
Gianlorenzo Bernini 1598-1680
What was Bernini?
A painter, architect and draftsman
What was Bernini’s most important masterpiece?
The Ecstasy of Saint Teresa
Who established a huge workshop in Flanders and produced great works of color and energy?
Peter Paul Rubens 1577-1640
Who was recognized as one of the greatest draftsmen ever?
Rembrandt van Rijn
What was Rembrandt’s best known work?
Night Watch, also known as The Sortie of Captain Banning Coq’s Company of the Civic Guard