Section B Flashcards
environment
the world around us; where all behavior happens
behavior
anything a living organism does
overt behavior
observable and measurable behavior
covert behavior
behavior that is not observable; is inferred by observers and reported by subjects
dead man’s test
if a dead man can do it, then it is not behavior
response
a single instance of behavior
response class
a group of responses that share the same function but may look different
stimulus
something that affects our receptor cells
stimulus class
a group of stimuli that share common characteristics (formal, temporal, &/or functional)
repertoire
all skills/behaviors an individual has mastered and are in their “tool box”
habituation
a behavior that occurs from the repeated presentation of a stimulus; does not involve fatigue
operant extinction
a behavior that was previously reinforced, is no longer reinforced, and as a result decreases
respondent extinction
unpairing the Conditioned Stimulus with the Conditioned response, CS no longer elicits a CR
reflex
An unconditioned response following a stimulus
respondent behavior
Behavior occurring in response to antecedent stimuli in the environment
respondent conditioning
UCS+ NS repeatedly paired, the UCS becomes CS which elicits a CR
operant behavior
Learned behavior through the three term contingency; Skinner
operant conditioning
reinforcement and punishments are modified to strengthen or weaken a behavior
neutral stimulus
a stimulus that has no prior learning history/conditioning with the organism
evoke
a voluntary response is produced; operant; MO (EO & AO)
emit
a natural response to a stimulus; operant; SD
elicit
an involuntary response occurs; respondent
higher-order conditioning
when a neutral stimulus is paired with a conditioned stimulus - eliciting a response
stimulus-stimulus pairing
two stimuli are presented repeatedly until results in a response
positive reinforcement
stimuli added; increases behavior
negative reinforcement
stimuli removed; increases behavior
positive punishment
stimuli added; decreases behavior
negative punishment
stimuli removed; decreases behavior
automatic contingency
consequence occurs on one’s own, doesn’t involve another individual
automaticity of reinforcement
reinforcement occurs without awareness of operant conditioning occurring
socially mediated contingencies
consequence is provided by another person, that person is the “mediator” for delivering the consequence
Conditioned punisher
Learned, decreases behavior
conditioned reinforcer
Learned, increases behavior
unconditioned punisher
Unlearned, decreases behavior
unconditioned reinforcer
Unlearned, increases behavior
generalized reinforcer
a learned reinforcer that has been paired with multiple conditioned or unconditioned reinforcement contingencies
generalized punisher
a learned punisher that has been paired with multiple conditioned or unconditioned punishment contingencies
schedules of reinforcement
how often and within what criteria will a behavior will receive reinforcement
continuous reinforcement (CRF)
every instance of behavior is reinforced
intermittent schedules of reinforcement (INT)
when only some, but not all, instances of behavior are reinforced
fixed ratio (FR)
a fixed number of responses must occur in order to receive reinforcement
variable ratio (VR)
reinforcement is provided following an average number of responses
fixed interval (FI)
following a set amount of time and a correct response, a response is reinforced
variable interval (VI)
a response is reinforced after a variable (average) amount of time has passed
differential reinforcement of high rates of behavior (DRH)
reinforcement is provided for responses that occur at a higher rate than the predetermined criterion
differential reinforcement of low rates (DRL)
reinforcement is provided for responses that occur at a lower rate than the predetermined criterion
differential reinforcement of diminishing rates (DRD)
reinforcement is provided for responses that occur at a progressively/gradual reduced rate than the predetermined criterion
progressive schedule of reinforcement
direction relation between one’s breaking point and the potency of a reinforcer
concurrent schedule (conc)
potential SD;2 or more schedules are in effect seperately and at the same time for 2 or more behaviors
compound schedule
combining continuous, FR, FI, VR, VI, DRH, DRD, DRL, and extinction
multiple schedule (mult)
SD; 2 or more basic schedules are alternated occurring successively and independently
chained schedule (chain)
SD; 1 or more response classes; schedules are successive and must occur in order
mixed schedule (mix)
No SD; 1 response class; schedules are successive and occur at random
tandem schedule (tand)
No SD; 1 or more response classes; schedules are successive and must occur in order
alternative schedule (alt)
SD is possible; schedules are simultaneous and include a ratio or interval; either schedule has to be met
conjunctive schedule (conj)
SD is possible; schedules are simultaneous and include a ratio or interval; both schedules have to be met
motivating operations
altering the value of a stimulus and frequency of a behavior
discriminative stimulus (SD)
signals that reinforcement is available
stimulus control
behavior occurs in the presence of a particular stimulus; does not occur without the presence of that stimuli
stimulus delta
signaling that reinforcement is unavailable
establishing operations
increasing the value of a stimulus and increases the frequency of a behavior
evocative effect
behavior altering effect; in the moment increase in the frequency of behavior
reinforcer establishing effect
value altering effect; in the moment increase in the effectiveness of the stimulus
abolishing operations
decreasing the value of a stimulus and decreases the frequency of a behavior
abative effect
behavior altering effect; in the moment decrease in the frequency of behavior
reinforcer abolishing effect
value altering effect; in the moment decrease in the effectiveness of the stimulus
reflexive conditioned motivating operation (CMO-R)
a signal that engages an individual in a behavior to avoid to escape from an non-preferred situation
transitive conditioned motivating operation (CMO-T)
signaling an individual to engage in a behavior that requires a supplemental mo in order to help fulfill their original mo
surrogate conditioned motivating operation (CMO-S)
signals an individual to engage in behavior that is paired with a stimulus that accompanies their original mo
unconditioned motivating operation (UMO)
an mo that is not learned but is needed for the individual’s survival
rule-governed behavior
behavior that is controlled by written or verbal rules; requires a contingency prediction during the antecedent phase
contingency- shaped behavior
behavior that is reinforced or punished through previous consequences; aka operant behavior
discrimination
a limited number of stimuli result in a response
generalization
application of what is learned in one setting/behavior/environment/individual, in the individual’s natural environment
maintenance
the long-lasting performance of acquired skills that are maintained through naturally occurring reinforcement and punishment
relevance of behavior rule
only behaviors that are most likely to result in reinforcement, in the individual’s natural environment, are to be targeted for change
verbal operant
a unit of verbal behavior in operant conditioning
mand
vocal and non-vocal; request; an mo must be present; no FS, no PTP
tact
naming and object or action using five senses; no FS, no PTP
echoic
repeating what another person says; primary verbal operant; duplic - PTP & FS
intraverbal
a verbal (vocal or non-vocal) exchange between two people where speaker gives a response based on another verbal stimulus; no FS or PTP; 4 types of verbal discrimination
textual
reading what is written; codic; no FS, has PTP
transcription
writing what is heard; primary verbal operant; codic - has PTP, no FS
reflexivity
a type of stimulus equivalence that shows a relationship between two identical stimuli (A=A)
symmetry
a type of stimulus equivalence that shows an interchangeable relationship between two stimuli (A=B;B=A)
transitivity
a type of stimulus equivalence that shows an interchangeable relationship between three stimuli (A=B;B=C;C=A)
combinatorial entailment
combining two instance of mutual entailment together
Receptors Systems Impacted by Stimuli [P.I.E]
Proprioceptors - Interoceptors - Exteroceptors
Types of Stimulus Classes [For The Fun, For All]
Formal - Temporal - Functional - Feature - Arbritrary
Types of Positive Reinforcers [S.E.A.T.S]
Social - Edible - Activity - Tangible - Sensory
Types of Negative Reinforcement “E.A. sports - its in the game”
Escape - Avoidance
Types of Positive Punishment Interventions [S.O.R^3.E.]
Shock - Overcorrection - RIRD - Response Blocking Reprimands - Excercise
Types of Response Cost [B.F.E]
Bonus - Fines - Existing Cache
Types of Time Out [S.E.N]
Seclusion - Exclusionary - Non-Exclusionary
Types of Non-Exclusionary Time Out [I.W.O.R.P]
Ignoring - Withdrawal - Observation - Ribbon - Partition
Types of Extinction [P.A.N]
Positive - Automatic - Negative
Promoting Generalization [CLEMMING TRAP]
Common Stimuli - Loosely Train - Exemplars Mediation - Self-Mangement - Indiscriminable Contingencies Negative Teaching - General Case Analysis - Trap
Variations of Intermittent Schedules [LPD^2]
Lag - Progressive - Delay - Differential Reinforcement
Types of Compound Schedules [C.M.C.M.T.A.C]
Concurrent - Multiple - Chained - Mixed - Tandem Alternative - Conjunctive
AKA: Respondent Behavior
Reflex
US-UR
AKA: Respondent Conditioning
Pairing
Pavlovian Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
Stimulus-Stimulus Pairing
AKA: Operant Behavior
ABC
3 term Contingency
S-R-S Model
AKA: Operant Contingency
ABC
3 term Contingency
Behavioral Contingency
AKA: Positive R+
SR+
Type 1 R+
AKA: Negative R+
SR-
Type 2 R+
AKA: Automatic R+
Sensory; Self Stimulatory Behaviors
AKA: Unconditioned Reinforcer/R+
Primary Reinforcer
Unlearner Reinforcer
AKA: Conditioned Reinforcer/R+
Secondary Reinforcer
Learned Reinforcer
AKA: Generalized Conditioned Reinforcer (GCSR)
Generalized Reinforcer
Nonspecific Reinforcer
AKA: Rule-Governed Behavior
Rules
AKA: Contingency-Shaped Behavior
Contingency Control
AKA: Punishment
SD-
SDP
SP
AKA: Positive Punishment
Type 1 Punishment
AKA: Negative Punishment
Type 2 Punishment
AKA: Unconditioned Punisher
Primary Punisher
Unlearned Punisher
AKA: Conditioned Punisher
Secondary Punisher
Learned Punisher
AKA: Extinction
Operant Extinction
AKA: Automatic R+ Extinction
Sensory Extinction
AKA: Masking
Stimulus Blocking
AKA: Discriminative Stimulus
SD
AKA: Stimulus Delta
SΔ
AKA: Stimulus Discrimination
Discrimination Training
AKA: Value Altering Effect of an EO
Reinforcer-Establishing Effect
AKA: Behavior Altering Effect of an EO
Evocative Effect
AKA: Value Altering Effect of an AO
Reinforcer-Abolishing Effect
AKA: Behavior Altering Effect of an AO
Abative Effect
AKA: Matching Law
Matching Theory
AKA: Adjunctive Behaviors
Schedule-Induced Behaviors
