Section B Flashcards
environment
the world around us; where all behavior happens
behavior
anything a living organism does
overt behavior
observable and measurable behavior
covert behavior
behavior that is not observable; is inferred by observers and reported by subjects
dead man’s test
if a dead man can do it, then it is not behavior
response
a single instance of behavior
response class
a group of responses that share the same function but may look different
stimulus
something that affects our receptor cells
stimulus class
a group of stimuli that share common characteristics (formal, temporal, &/or functional)
repertoire
all skills/behaviors an individual has mastered and are in their “tool box”
habituation
a behavior that occurs from the repeated presentation of a stimulus; does not involve fatigue
operant extinction
a behavior that was previously reinforced, is no longer reinforced, and as a result decreases
respondent extinction
unpairing the Conditioned Stimulus with the Conditioned response, CS no longer elicits a CR
reflex
An unconditioned response following a stimulus
respondent behavior
Behavior occurring in response to antecedent stimuli in the environment
respondent conditioning
UCS+ NS repeatedly paired, the UCS becomes CS which elicits a CR
operant behavior
Learned behavior through the three term contingency; Skinner
operant conditioning
reinforcement and punishments are modified to strengthen or weaken a behavior
neutral stimulus
a stimulus that has no prior learning history/conditioning with the organism
evoke
a voluntary response is produced; operant; MO (EO & AO)
emit
a natural response to a stimulus; operant; SD
elicit
an involuntary response occurs; respondent
higher-order conditioning
when a neutral stimulus is paired with a conditioned stimulus - eliciting a response
stimulus-stimulus pairing
two stimuli are presented repeatedly until results in a response
positive reinforcement
stimuli added; increases behavior
negative reinforcement
stimuli removed; increases behavior
positive punishment
stimuli added; decreases behavior
negative punishment
stimuli removed; decreases behavior
automatic contingency
consequence occurs on one’s own, doesn’t involve another individual
automaticity of reinforcement
reinforcement occurs without awareness of operant conditioning occurring
socially mediated contingencies
consequence is provided by another person, that person is the “mediator” for delivering the consequence
Conditioned punisher
Learned, decreases behavior
conditioned reinforcer
Learned, increases behavior
unconditioned punisher
Unlearned, decreases behavior
unconditioned reinforcer
Unlearned, increases behavior
generalized reinforcer
a learned reinforcer that has been paired with multiple conditioned or unconditioned reinforcement contingencies
generalized punisher
a learned punisher that has been paired with multiple conditioned or unconditioned punishment contingencies
schedules of reinforcement
how often and within what criteria will a behavior will receive reinforcement
continuous reinforcement (CRF)
every instance of behavior is reinforced
intermittent schedules of reinforcement (INT)
when only some, but not all, instances of behavior are reinforced
fixed ratio (FR)
a fixed number of responses must occur in order to receive reinforcement
variable ratio (VR)
reinforcement is provided following an average number of responses
fixed interval (FI)
following a set amount of time and a correct response, a response is reinforced
variable interval (VI)
a response is reinforced after a variable (average) amount of time has passed
differential reinforcement of high rates of behavior (DRH)
reinforcement is provided for responses that occur at a higher rate than the predetermined criterion
differential reinforcement of low rates (DRL)
reinforcement is provided for responses that occur at a lower rate than the predetermined criterion
differential reinforcement of diminishing rates (DRD)
reinforcement is provided for responses that occur at a progressively/gradual reduced rate than the predetermined criterion
progressive schedule of reinforcement
direction relation between one’s breaking point and the potency of a reinforcer
concurrent schedule (conc)
potential SD;2 or more schedules are in effect seperately and at the same time for 2 or more behaviors
compound schedule
combining continuous, FR, FI, VR, VI, DRH, DRD, DRL, and extinction
multiple schedule (mult)
SD; 2 or more basic schedules are alternated occurring successively and independently