Section 4 Animals form and Function Flashcards

Question

Budding

Answer 1

A type of asexual reproduction ex. Hydra Budding is the outgrowth of offspring, eventually splitting off from parents ("budding" off, depending on water current, it drifts far away) - when growing they bud off and fully develop even if it's small

Answer 2

A type of asexual reproduction ex. Anemone Fission is the separation of a parent into two or more offspring of the same size

Answer 3

A type of asexual reproduction ex. Starfish - Fragmentation/regeneration is the breaking of a parent body into several pieces - when one part is cut off or one is in fragments it can regenerate Fragmentation is followed by regeneration of the lost parts

Answer 4

Spontaneous embryo development from an unfertilized egg cell - have an egg but doesn't need fertilization to become an embryo - don't need other sex to reproduce, its asexual - uses energy to grow the offspring - Don't have genetic variation b/c genetic info is passed down from parent to child

Answer 5

Allows one individual to produce many offspring rapidly Does not need to find mating partners No time/energy lost for the production of eggs and sperm

Answer 6

Produce genetically uniform population Low adaptivity to changes in the environment (changes in the environment = decreases variation)

Answer 7

Produce genetically uniform population Low adaptivity to changes in the environment (changes in the environment = decreases variation)

Answer 8

Involves fertilization where eggs meet sperm and form a zygote (2n) - egg and sperm are gametes (sex cells with a haploid set of chromosomes - n) only 1 egg

Answer 9

eggs and sperm form a zygote

Answer 10

Gametes are haploid and they involve eggs and sperm (sex cells with one set of chromosomes - n), only 1 egg

Answer 11

Genetic variation from both parents - enhance survival of the population in changing environment

Answer 12

Sexual reproduction has a lot of genetic variation = enhances the survival of a population in changing environment Whereas, Asexual reproduction has no genetic variation because they produce a genetically uniform population, one individual produces many offspring (rapidly), and genetic info is passed down from parent -> child

Answer 13

have 4 reproductive organs and they fertilize their own eggs - the individual has both female and male reproductive systems, and fertilizes their own eggs in case of no mate is found If they found their mate, they receive and donate sperm ex. Tapeworms rely on reproducing Can Produce twice as many offspring

Answer 14

Start life as one sex then develop to the other later in life

Answer 15

clownfish can go from male to female later in life - to maintain population '

Answer 16

Gametogenesis is the formation of gametes (genesis = generation, therefore it is the gamete production) - in gonads ex) males = testes, females = ovaries Meiosis is the cell division process that produces gametes There's spermatogenesis and oogenesis are the formation of male and female gametes

Answer 17

is a cell division process that produces gametes

Answer 18

Spermatogenesis occurs throughout the entire life - it is the sperm production - and the sperm develops inside the testes, in coiled tubules called seminiferous tubules - Spermatogonium - Primary Spermatocyte - Secondary Spermatocyte - Gamete (sperm)

Answer 19

The sperm develops inside testes in coild tubules called, seminiferous tubules

Answer 20

Seminiferous tubules are coiled tubules - this is where the sperm develops inside the testes

Answer 21

are diploid cells that begin the process near the outer wall of the tubules and the cells multiply by mitosis - undifferentiated male germ cells

Answer 22

spermatogonium differentiate into primary spermatocytes - Meiosis I of a primary spermatocyte produces 2 secondary spermatocytes (haploid)

Answer 23

2 secondary spermatocytes (each haploid) are produced from the end of Meiosis I of a primary spermatocyte

Answer 24

aka sperm - After the secondary spermatocytes are produced, Meiosis II then forms 4 cells (each haploid), - a sperm cell (gametes) develops by differentiation of each of these haploid cells and is gradually pushed toward the center of the seminiferous tubule

Answer 25

Oogenesis is egg production - It is the formation of female gametes - have long resting periods (born with a certain set number of eggs and the eggs mature when grown

Answer 26

(mostly) in the ovary of females

Answer 27

Begin prior to birth and complete later in life (end at menopause)

Answer 28

A mature egg and a polar body, then degenerate

Answer 29

Oogenesis started with a germ cell, oogonium

Answer 30

is a diploid cell that is resting in the prophase of meiosis I -present at birth (dormant) - can be hormonally triggered to develop further - between puberty and menopause (about 29 days), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the pituitary stimulates one of the dormant follicles to develop and the follicle enlarges and gets bigger, and the primary oocyte within it completes meiosis I and begins meiosis II (however, halts at metaphase II) -

Answer 31

follicle-stimulating hormone from the pituitary stimulates one of the dormant follicles to develop in oogenesis - the follicle enlarges and gets bigger = primary oocyte within it completes meiosis I and begins Meiosis II (halts at metaphase II)

Answer 32

After meiosis II begins, it halts. the first polar body is the smaller of the two daughter cells and receives no cytoplasm because the secondary oocyte receives almost all of it - due to the division of the cytoplasm is meiosis I being unequal

Answer 33

released by the ovary during ovulation

Answer 34

Once the follicle enlarges and the primary oocyte within it completes meiosis I, it begins meiosis II but halts at metaphase II - the division of the cytoplasm in meiosis I is unequal and within the single secondary oocyte receiving almost all of it - the smaller of the two daughter cells, the polar body receives almost no cytoplasm

Answer 35

**Spermatogenesis** is the formation of male gametes and occurs throughout entire life and it is inside the testes - the germ cells are found in coiled tubules called seminiferous tubules - starts with a spermatogonium, an undifferentiated germ cell, which goes under many mitotic divisions to produce new cells - It differentiates and goes into prophase of meiosis I of to produce a diploid primary spermatocyte, - once meiosis I complete it then the primary spermatocyte splits into 2 haploid secondary spermatocytes - Meiosis II then forms 4 haploid-developing sperm cells - The developing sperm cells go under differentiation and are pushed to the center of the seminiferous tubules to form Mature sperm cells **Oogenesis **is the formation of female gametes and it is inside the ovaries of females mostly - Born with a certain set # of eggs and the eggs mature when grown (begins prior to birth and complete later in life, ends at menopause) - Start with an oogonium, an undifferentiated germ cell, and then differentiates and begins meiosis 1 into a Primary oocyte - The primary oocyte is dormant in prophase of Meiosis 1, but can be homornally triggered by FSH which is secreted from the pituitary gland to develop, the follicle therefore englarges and the primary oocyte within the follicle completes Meiosis I and begins Meiosis II - At Metaphase II it halts and the division of the cytoplasm between the daughter cells are unequal, the secondary oocyte recieves all the cytoplasm and the polar body recieves almost no cytoplasm - The secondary oocyte is released by the ovary during ovulation and it enters the oviduct - if theres an entry of sperm, it triggers the secodnary oocyte to completion of meiosis II, but if no sperm is present, it just stays there - Meiosis II is also unequal, yeilding a second polar body and a mature egg - The haploid of the nucleus can fuse with the haploid nucleus of sperm cell producing a zygote

Answer 36

1) Acrosome reaction 2) Membrane fusion 3) Sperm nucleus enters 4) Fertilization envelope 5) Nuclear fusion

Answer 37

First step of fertilization The tip of the sperm contains acrosomal enzymes and this is where it meets at the egg's jelly coat - Egg contains: - Jelly coat: On the egg that covers the vitelline layer (underneath the jelly coat – filled w/ receptors) - Where the tip of the sperm is in contact with the eggs jelly coat - Vitelline layer = underneath the jelly coat and is filled with receptors and will only bind with acrosomal enzyme (of the tip of the sperm) i. When sperm enters the egg - analogy - think of it as a key that matches up with a hole, the receptors (hole) that are embedded in the vitelline layer of the eggs ii. When the acrosomal enzyme binds it will release the acrosome enzyme and the enzyme will bind to receptors like a key and lock After teh acrosome reaction occurs the membrane fusion will occur

Answer 38

Occurs in the acrosome reaction The egg contains a jelly coat and this is where the tip of the sperm meets the egg - this jelly coat covers the vitelline layer (filled with receptors)

Answer 39

Occurs in the acrosome reaction The vitelline is underneath the jelly coat and is filled with receptors and will only bind with acrosomal enzyme (of the tip of the sperm) - When sperm enters the egg - analogy - think of it as a key that matches up with a hole - the receptors (hole) that are embedded in the vitelline layer of the eggs is where the acrosomal enzyme of the sperm binds and it will release the acrosome enzyme to enter the egg

Answer 40

2nd step of fertilization The plasma membrane of the sperm and egg fuses and makes it possible for the sperm to enter the egg (to form a zygote) o allow the sperm to form an extension and allows the sperm to release genetic material in the egg After plasma membrane fusion, the sperms nucleus enters the eggs cytoplasm

Answer 41

3rd step of fertilization After the sperm and egg’s plasma membranes fuses together, the chromosomes/genetic material of the sperm is inside the egg - it triggers a separation of the line b/w the vitelline layer and nucleus of egg inside- and only one sperm is in contact and will release its genetic material and the next sperm won’t be able to come in anymore once the sperms nucleus enters the cytoplasm the next step is fertilizatione envelop

Answer 42

4th step of fertilization The vitelline layer becomes impenetrable to other sperm - **Situation:** if these events didn’t occur and an egg were fertilized by more than one sperm, the resulting zygote would contain too many chromosomes and the zygote could not develop normally After the fertilization envelopes, nuclear fusion occurs b/w sperm and egg

Answer 43

last step of fertilization The sperm nucleus enters the egg and the sperm and egg nucleus fuses together -** Internal fertilization** = happens inside the body - This example is in human and other organisms don’t do internal fertilization

Answer 44

External and internal fertilization

Answer 45

Aquatic invertebrates and most fishes and amphibians

Answer 46

- Aquatic invertebrates and most fishes and amphibians exhibit external fertilization - External fertilization needs water movement - Aschrony: depends on the** pheromones and enviornemntal cues**

Answer 47

are a signal to another partner - when the female is ready to lay eggs and once they lay eggs, male fish releases sperm on eggs so the sperm will swim and eventually reach the egg, but its still not 100% that the sperm will meet the egg because its happened in open nature - that’s why they produce tons of eggs to compensate for that mechanism to make sure there are a sufficient amount of offspring being produce

Answer 48

if two fishes cannot communicate correctly and the water current too strong, the pheromones will be carried by water current from female eggs and sperm will be laid at wrong location - Really depend on water current and require synchronization between female and male fish- or other organisms as well

Answer 49

ensure direct pathway for sperm to meet eggs - they require animals to have appropriate organs to amte and courtinging behaviours - in some animal if not mating occurs = **Spermatophores**

Answer 50

Animal will produce a mass of sperm and leave it there in nature

Answer 51

Spermatophore