Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio 1010 exam > Section 4 Animals form and Function > Flashcards

Section 4 Animals form and Function Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is anatomy

A

Study of organism structures
- cells ex. Muscle cell
- Tissues - a group of cells ex. Muscle Tissue
- Organs - group of tissues (same or different) ex. heart
- Organ Systems - multiple organs work together ex. Many organ systems functioning together
Organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is Physiology

A

Study the function of the structures
- structure fits functions - the result of evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are tissues

A

Integrated group of similar cells that perform the same function
- Different tissues combine forming organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 4 Animal tissues

A

Epithelial tissues
Connective Tissues
Muscle Tissues
Nervous Tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are epithelial tissues

A

sheets of closely packed cells that cover body surfaces and line internal organs and cavities
- names according to the number of cells layers and the shape of their apical surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 3 different shapes of epithelial tissues

A

Squamous
- simple (a lot of fo gas exchange because of the shorter distance for O2 to travel)
- stratified
Cuboidal Epithelium
Columnar Epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Connective tissues

A

Consist of a sparse population of cells scattered through a matrix
- CT tissue binds and support other tissues
- usually consist of a web of fibres (collagen, elastic) embedded in a liquid, jelly, or solid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the 4 major types of CT

A
  • Loose CT
  • Fibrous CT (forming a tendon)
  • Adipose Tissue “fat layer”
  • Cartilage
  • Bone
    -Blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Muscle Tissues are

A

The most abundant tissue in most animals
(if you don’t use muscle it uses the nrg for something else)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissues

A

Skeletal muscle - voluntary movements ex. walking, writing
Cardiac muscle - pump blood ex. heart - happens in the body
Smooth muscle - move the wall of internal organs such as intestines - involuntary movement
(unconsciously don’t control these, involuntary = smooth muscle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Skeletal muscle function

A

voluntary movements ex. walking and writing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cardiac Muscle function

A

pumping blood ex. heart - happens in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Smooth muscle function

A

move the wall of internal organs such as intestines - involuntary movement
- unconsciously don’t control these, involuntary - smooth muscle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Nervous tissues

A

Forms a communication network

Sensor (detect stimuli and signal to brain) - integrate - motor
- senses stimuli
- rapidly transmits information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Neurons

A

A part of nervous tissues
Carry signals by conducting electrical pulses
- ex. mosquito, your eyes send signal to head, then sends a signal to your hand to stop it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the other cells in nervous tissue

A

Insulate axons
Neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Tissue examples

Columnar Epithelium

A

Epithelial tissue covers the body and lines its organs and cavities
- sheets of closely packed cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Tissue examples

Connective Tissue

A

Connective tissues bind and support other tissues
- sparse cells in extra cellular matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Tissue examples

Muscle tissues

A

Muscle tissue functions in movement
- long cells (fibres) with contractile proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Tissue examples

Nervous tissue

A

Nervous tissue forms a communication network
-neurons with branching extensions; supporting cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is asexual reproduction

A

It is random mutation and only one organism is responsible for genetic variation, it helps maintain the population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

random mutation and only one organism is responsible for genetic variation, it helps maintain the population is..?

A

asexual reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the different types of asexual reproduction

A

Budding

Fission

Fragmentation/Regeneration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Example of budding

A

hydra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Budding

A

A type of asexual reproduction
ex. Hydra

Budding is the outgrowth of offspring, eventually splitting off from parents (“budding” off, depending on water current, it drifts far away)
- when growing they bud off and fully develop even if it’s small

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

example of fission

A

Anemone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Fission

A

A type of asexual reproduction
ex. Anemone

Fission is the separation of a parent into two or more offspring of the same size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Fragmentation/Regeneration

A

A type of asexual reproduction
ex. Starfish
-
Fragmentation/regeneration is the breaking of a parent body into several pieces
- when one part is cut off or one is in fragments it can regenerate

Fragmentation is followed by regeneration of the lost parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

Spontaneous embryo development from an unfertilized egg cell
- have an egg but doesn’t need fertilization to become an embryo
- don’t need other sex to reproduce, its asexual
- uses energy to grow the offspring
- Don’t have genetic variation b/c genetic info is passed down from parent to child

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Advantages of parthenogenesis

A

Allows one individual to produce many offspring rapidly
Does not need to find mating partners
No time/energy lost for the production of eggs and sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Disadvantages of Parthenogenesis

A

Produce genetically uniform population
Low adaptivity to changes in the environment
(changes in the environment = decreases variation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Disadvantages of Parthenogenesis

A

Produce genetically uniform population
Low adaptivity to changes in the environment
(changes in the environment = decreases variation)

33
Q

Sexual reproduction involves

A

Involves fertilization where eggs meet sperm and form a zygote (2n)
- egg and sperm are gametes (sex cells with a haploid set of chromosomes - n) only 1 egg

34
Q

Fertilization

A

eggs and sperm form a zygote

35
Q

Gametes are

A

Gametes are haploid and they involve eggs and sperm (sex cells with one set of chromosomes - n), only 1 egg

36
Q

Sexual reproduction results in the offspring with

A

Genetic variation from both parents
- enhance survival of the population in changing environment

37
Q

Compare Genetic variation between asexual and sexual reproduction

A

Sexual reproduction has a lot of genetic variation = enhances the survival of a population in changing environment

Whereas,

Asexual reproduction has no genetic variation because they produce a genetically uniform population, one individual produces many offspring (rapidly), and genetic info is passed down from parent -> child

38
Q

Examples of hermaphrodites

A

tapeworms

39
Q

hermaphrodites have..?

A

have 4 reproductive organs and they fertilize their own eggs
- the individual has both female and male reproductive systems, and fertilizes their own eggs in case of no mate is found

If they found their mate, they receive and donate sperm
ex. Tapeworms rely on reproducing
Can Produce twice as many offspring

40
Q

Sequential hermaphrodites

A

Start life as one sex then develop to the other later in life

41
Q

examples of Sequential hermaphrodites

A

clownfish can go from male to female later in life
- to maintain population ‘

42
Q

Gametogenesis is

A

Gametogenesis is the formation of gametes (genesis = generation, therefore it is the gamete production)
- in gonads ex) males = testes, females = ovaries

Meiosis is the cell division process that produces gametes

There’s spermatogenesis and oogenesis are the formation of male and female gametes

43
Q

Meiosis

A

is a cell division process that produces gametes

44
Q

Spermatogensis

A

Spermatogenesis occurs throughout the entire life
- it is the sperm production
- and the sperm develops inside the testes, in coiled tubules called seminiferous tubules
- Spermatogonium
- Primary Spermatocyte
- Secondary Spermatocyte
- Gamete (sperm)

45
Q

where does sperm develop in males?

A

The sperm develops inside testes in coild tubules called, seminiferous tubules

46
Q

Seminiferous tubules

A

Seminiferous tubules are coiled tubules
- this is where the sperm develops inside the testes

47
Q

Spermatogonium

A

are diploid cells that begin the process near the outer wall of the tubules and the cells multiply by mitosis
- undifferentiated male germ cells

48
Q

Primary spermatocytes

A

spermatogonium differentiate into primary spermatocytes
- Meiosis I of a primary spermatocyte produces 2 secondary spermatocytes (haploid)

49
Q

Secondary spermatocytes

A

2 secondary spermatocytes (each haploid) are produced from the end of Meiosis I of a primary spermatocyte

50
Q

Gamete sperm formation

A

aka sperm
- After the secondary spermatocytes are produced, Meiosis II then forms 4 cells (each haploid),
- a sperm cell (gametes) develops by differentiation of each of these haploid cells and is gradually pushed toward the center of the seminiferous tubule

51
Q

Oogenesis

A

Oogenesis is egg production
- It is the formation of female gametes - have long resting periods (born with a certain set number of eggs and the eggs mature when grown

52
Q

Where does oogenesis happen?

A

(mostly) in the ovary of females

53
Q

When does oogenesis happen and end?

A

Begin prior to birth and complete later in life (end at menopause)

54
Q

What is the final product of oogenesis?

A

A mature egg and a polar body, then degenerate

55
Q

What des oogenesis start with?

A

Oogenesis started with a germ cell, oogonium

56
Q

Primary oocyte

A

is a diploid cell that is resting in the prophase of meiosis I -present at birth (dormant)
- can be hormonally triggered to develop further
- between puberty and menopause (about 29 days), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the pituitary stimulates one of the dormant follicles to develop and the follicle enlarges and gets bigger, and the primary oocyte within it completes meiosis I and begins meiosis II (however, halts at metaphase II)
-

57
Q

FSH

A

follicle-stimulating hormone from the pituitary stimulates one of the dormant follicles to develop in oogenesis
- the follicle enlarges and gets bigger = primary oocyte within it completes meiosis I and begins Meiosis II (halts at metaphase II)

58
Q

First polar body in oogenesis

A

After meiosis II begins, it halts. the first polar body is the smaller of the two daughter cells and receives no cytoplasm because the secondary oocyte receives almost all of it
- due to the division of the cytoplasm is meiosis I being unequal

59
Q

Secondary oocyte

A

released by the ovary during ovulation

60
Q

What happens in meiosis I and II in oogenesis

A

Once the follicle enlarges and the primary oocyte within it completes meiosis I, it begins meiosis II but halts at metaphase II
- the division of the cytoplasm in meiosis I is unequal and within the single secondary oocyte receiving almost all of it
- the smaller of the two daughter cells, the polar body receives almost no cytoplasm

61
Q

Differences between Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis

A

Spermatogenesis is the formation of male gametes and occurs throughout entire life and it is inside the testes
- the germ cells are found in coiled tubules called seminiferous tubules
- starts with a spermatogonium, an undifferentiated germ cell, which goes under many mitotic divisions to produce new cells
- It differentiates and goes into prophase of meiosis I of to produce a diploid primary spermatocyte,
- once meiosis I complete it then the primary spermatocyte splits into 2 haploid secondary spermatocytes
- Meiosis II then forms 4 haploid-developing sperm cells
- The developing sperm cells go under differentiation and are pushed to the center of the seminiferous tubules to form Mature sperm cells

**Oogenesis **is the formation of female gametes and it is inside the ovaries of females mostly
- Born with a certain set # of eggs and the eggs mature when grown
(begins prior to birth and complete later in life, ends at menopause)
- Start with an oogonium, an undifferentiated germ cell, and then differentiates and begins meiosis 1 into a Primary oocyte
- The primary oocyte is dormant in prophase of Meiosis 1, but can be homornally triggered by FSH which is secreted from the pituitary gland to develop, the follicle therefore englarges and the primary oocyte within the follicle completes Meiosis I and begins Meiosis II
- At Metaphase II it halts and the division of the cytoplasm between the daughter cells are unequal, the secondary oocyte recieves all the cytoplasm and the polar body recieves almost no cytoplasm
- The secondary oocyte is released by the ovary during ovulation and it enters the oviduct
- if theres an entry of sperm, it triggers the secodnary oocyte to completion of meiosis II, but if no sperm is present, it just stays there
- Meiosis II is also unequal, yeilding a second polar body and a mature egg
- The haploid of the nucleus can fuse with the haploid nucleus of sperm cell producing a zygote

62
Q

What are the 5 steps of fertilization

A

1) Acrosome reaction
2) Membrane fusion
3) Sperm nucleus enters
4) Fertilization envelope
5) Nuclear fusion

63
Q

What happens in the acrosome reaction?

A

First step of fertilization

The tip of the sperm contains acrosomal enzymes and this is where it meets at the egg’s jelly coat

  • Egg contains:
  • Jelly coat: On the egg that covers the vitelline layer (underneath the jelly coat – filled w/ receptors)
  • Where the tip of the sperm is in contact with the eggs jelly coat
  • Vitelline layer = underneath the jelly coat and is filled with receptors and will only bind with acrosomal enzyme (of the tip of the sperm)
    i. When sperm enters the egg - analogy - think of it as a key that matches up with a hole, the receptors (hole) that are embedded in the vitelline layer of the eggs
    ii. When the acrosomal enzyme binds it will release the acrosome enzyme and the enzyme will bind to receptors like a key and lock

After teh acrosome reaction occurs the membrane fusion will occur

64
Q

Jelly coat

A

Occurs in the acrosome reaction

The egg contains a jelly coat and this is where the tip of the sperm meets the egg
- this jelly coat covers the vitelline layer (filled with receptors)

65
Q

Vitelline layer

A

Occurs in the acrosome reaction

The vitelline is underneath the jelly coat and is filled with receptors and will only bind with acrosomal enzyme (of the tip of the sperm)
- When sperm enters the egg - analogy - think of it as a key that matches up with a hole
- the receptors (hole) that are embedded in the vitelline layer of the eggs is where the acrosomal enzyme of the sperm binds and it will release the acrosome enzyme to enter the egg

66
Q

Plasma membrane fusion

A

2nd step of fertilization

The plasma membrane of the sperm and egg fuses and makes it possible for the sperm to enter the egg (to form a zygote)
o allow the sperm to form an extension and allows the sperm to release genetic material in the egg

After plasma membrane fusion, the sperms nucleus enters the eggs cytoplasm

67
Q

Sperm Nucleus enters the egg cytoplasm

A

3rd step of fertilization
After the sperm and egg’s plasma membranes fuses together, the chromosomes/genetic material of the sperm is inside the egg
- it triggers a separation of the line b/w the vitelline layer and nucleus of egg inside- and only one sperm is in contact and will release its genetic material and the next sperm won’t be able to come in anymore

once the sperms nucleus enters the cytoplasm the next step is fertilizatione envelop

68
Q

Fertilization envelope

A

4th step of fertilization

The vitelline layer becomes impenetrable to other sperm
- Situation: if these events didn’t occur and an egg were fertilized by more than one sperm, the resulting zygote would contain too many chromosomes and the zygote could not develop normally

After the fertilization envelopes, nuclear fusion occurs b/w sperm and egg

69
Q

Nuclear fusion

A

last step of fertilization

The sperm nucleus enters the egg and the sperm and egg nucleus fuses together
-** Internal fertilization** = happens inside the body
- This example is in human and other organisms don’t do internal fertilization

70
Q

What are the two types of fertilization

A

External and internal fertilization

71
Q

What organisms exhibit external fertilization?

A

Aquatic invertebrates and most fishes and amphibians

72
Q

External fertilization

A
  • Aquatic invertebrates and most fishes and amphibians exhibit external fertilization
  • External fertilization needs water movement
  • Aschrony: depends on the** pheromones and enviornemntal cues**
73
Q

Pheronomes

A

are a signal to another partner

  • when the female is ready to lay eggs and once they lay eggs, male fish releases sperm on eggs so the sperm will swim and eventually reach the egg, but its still not 100% that the sperm will meet the egg because its happened in open nature
  • that’s why they produce tons of eggs to compensate for that mechanism to make sure there are a sufficient amount of offspring being produce
74
Q

What is the disadvantage for external fertilization

A

if two fishes cannot communicate correctly and the water current too strong, the pheromones will be carried by water current from female eggs and sperm will be laid at wrong location

  • Really depend on water current and require synchronization between female and male fish- or other organisms as well
75
Q

Internal fertilization

A

ensure direct pathway for sperm to meet eggs
- they require animals to have appropriate organs to amte and courtinging behaviours
- in some animal if not mating occurs = Spermatophores

76
Q

Spermatophore

A

Animal will produce a mass of sperm and leave it there in nature

77
Q

For some animals, mating is hard to happen, if you’re a small animal and live far from each other – would have to travel far and meet your mate. Some of them when the animal is tiny, they wont get a lot bigger, so they get away with having to meet the partner and produce what for fertilization?

A

Spermatophore

78
Q

external fertilization

A

Bio 1010 exam (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions