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Bio 1010 exam > Section 3 Diversity: Eukaryotes and Protists > Flashcards

Section 3 Diversity: Eukaryotes and Protists Flashcards

1
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Include Eukarya (fungi and protists)
Evidence indicates the eukaryotic cells evolve from some prokaryotic cell about 1.8 billion years ago

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2
Q

Explain the Endomembrane theory

A

Explains the evolution of eukaryotes

Prokaryotes are the ancestor
Plasma membrane invaginates (fold inwards)
Membrane bound organelles (early eukaryotes)

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3
Q

Explain the Endosymbiotic theory

A

Explains the evolution of eukaryotes
The relationship b/w chloroplast and mitochondria

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4
Q

What are the two events in the endosymbiotic theory and what organism do they involve

A

Has 2 events that involved heterotrophic prokaryotes and autotrophic prokaryotes:
1) Hetertophic prokaryotes, have mitochondrion
- engulf mitochondrion because they realize the benefits
2) Autotrophic prokaryotes, have chloroplasts
- engulf photosynthetic prokaryote (chloroplast)

NOTE: All eukaryotic cells have mitochondria but not all have chloroplasts

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5
Q

What are the 5 super groups of eukaryotes

A

(E,C,R,A,U)
Excavate, Chromalveolata, Rhizaria, Achaeaplastida, and Unikonta

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6
Q

Protists characteristics

A

Mostly unicellular eukaryotes that is not an animal, fungus or plant
- are found in a variety of aquatic or moist habitats

They may be:
1) Autotrophic
2) Heterotrophic
3) Mixotrophic

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7
Q

Autotrophic

A

Protists can be autotrophic
Called algae (make own energy), but not all algae are autotrophs some are heterotrophs

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8
Q

Heterotrophic

A

Protists can be heterotropic
Informally called protozoans, need to eat to make energy

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9
Q

Mixotrophic

A

Protists can be micotrophic
Capable of photosynthesis and heterotrophy

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10
Q

Name the different Eukaryote super groups that protists are found in?

A

Excavata, SAR group, Archaeplastida and Unikonta

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11
Q

Why are there 4 super groups for protists but there are 5 supergroups overall for all microorganisms

A

there are 4 super groups because whatever doesn’t fit in fungi, animal and land plants are grouped in protists

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12
Q

What are the 2 Eukaryote super groups that are in the SAR group of protists

A

Involves 2 Eukaryotes super groups: Chromalveolata (stramenophiles and Alveolates) and Rhizarians

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13
Q

Chromalveolata contains what protist groups?
What are the examples of Chromalveolata and differentiate each example into the protist groups

A

Contains protists, Stramenopiles and Alveolates grouped together

And contains 3 examples:
1) Ciliates (paramecium) - Alveolates
2) Diatoms - Stramenophiles
3) Brow algae - Streamenophiles

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14
Q

Ciliates are an example of?

A

Ciliates are an example Alveolates
Alveolates are in a type of Eukaryotic supergroup called, Chromalveolata and they are a type of Protists (SAR group for protists)

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15
Q

Diatoms are an example of?

A

Diatoms are an example of Stramenophiles
Stramenophiles are in a type of Eukaryotic supergroup called, Chromalveolata and they are Protists

They are unicellular
Rich in nutrients -> Food source

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16
Q

Diatoms characteristics?

A

They are unicellular
Rich in nutrients -> Food source

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17
Q

Brow Algae are an example of?

A

Brow Algae are an example of Stramenophiles
(Stramenophiles are in the Eukaryote supergroup, Chromalveolata and they are Protists)

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18
Q

Brow algae characteristics

A

Multicellular (marine organism)
need water to survive
looks like plants but not classified into land plants
(lack root, stem and leave structure)

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19
Q

Excavata characteristics

A

They are a super group of Eukaryotes, protists

  • “Excavated” feeding groove
  • Have modified (reduced) mitochondria - lack functional Electron Transport Chains
  • Use anaerobic pathways (like glycolysis) to extract energy dont need oxygen
  • Can be heterotrophic, autotrophic or mixotrophic
  • KEY CHARACTERISTIC: have flagella -> diff purposes like bring food closer
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20
Q

What are examples of the Excavata?

A

Trichomanas vaginalis
Euglenoids

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21
Q

Differentiate Trichomonas vaginalis in females and males

A

Sexual transmitted parasites feed on WBC of vaginal lining in female and cell lining of reproductive tract in males

22
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis are an example of

A

They are an example of the super Eukaryotic group, Excavata (protists)

23
Q

What are Euglenoids an example of?

A

An example of the eukaryotic supergroup, Excavata (protists)

24
Q

What are Euglenoids

A

typically green or colorless
Have flagella (dont see flagella right away unless you zoom in)
Have a flexible body
found in freshwater
the body is covered in protein-rich layer called pellicle

25
Pellicle
Protein-rich layer that covers the body of euglenoids (example of the Excavata group)
26
What does the SAR group stand for
Stramenopiles Alveolates Rhizarians
27
Which group do Stramenopiles belong too
SAR group (Eukaryotic, protists) but they are group together in chromalveolata
28
What group do Alveolates belong too? What are their characteristics
The protist super group, SAR group (Eukaryotic, protists) - Chromavleolata (contains only Stramenophiles and Alveolates) Have cilia (tiny little hair) Diverse group Unicellular autotrophs, heterotrophs and mixotrophic Some produce neurotoxins which are a defence mechanism - help corral and itself from other fish and animals
29
What group do Rhizarians belong too
The Eukaryote super groupd, Rhizaria, but found in th SAR group (eukaryotes, protists)
30
When Stramenopiles and Alveolates are grouped together, what are they called?
Chromaveolata (eukaryotes, protist)
31
What are key features of Rhizaria?
Referred to as amoebae KEY FEATURE: Thread-like Pseudopodia (extension of body) Have shell - some are porous, compose of organic material, hardened by calcium carbonate (thought looking shell Properties: due to hardened shell, they die then sink to the bottom of the ocean and become mineralized and there on become a different layer
32
What are Pseudopods
A key feature of the group, Rhizaria An extension of the body
33
What group do Rhizarians belong to?
Eukaryote supergroup of protists, the SAR group
34
Archaeplastida characteristics
Protist (eukaryotes) Red algae, green algae (land plants are a part of this group but are a different section because the algae evolve to living on land) - Almost all members are autotrophic (make own energy) - Few species are unicellular most are multicellular
35
Chlamydomonas
Type of green algae and is in Archaeplastida group Some might have flagella
36
Volvox
Small community of green algae (archaeplastida) clusters - they are like antioxidants (ex. Supplements)
37
Protozoans
Type of protist, and is Heterotrophic - need to eat to make own energy
38
What group is preferred to as an Amoebae?
Rhizaria (a part of SAR group)
39
If a group doesnt fit in fungi, animal and land plants, what is it then called?
Protist
40
Unikonta group
Amoebozoans - protists - including free-living species amoebas, some parasitic amebas And slime moles (have type-shapes or lobe-shapes pseudopodia)
41
Pseudopodia
Smile molds have pseudopodias’s which are used to ingest algae and enclosed in food vacuoles and they absorb nutrients
42
Plasmodium
An example of the Unikonta group They are Unicellular and multinucleated Mass of cytoplasm Visible to eye and its big
43
What group are Amoebozoans, fungi and animals a part of?
Unikonta group (protist)
44
What protist groups are in the super group of Unikonta?
Amoebozoans
45
What protist groups are in the super group of SAR?
Stramenopiles, Alveolates and Rhizarians
46
Give examples of the super group, Excavata?
Ex) Trichnomonas vaginalis and Euglenoids
47
What protist groups are in the super group Archaeplastida
Red and green Algae
48
Which super group are red, green algae and land plants are a part of?
Archaeplastida group (protist)
49
What Protist super group are Stramenopiles, Alveophiles ad Rhizarians a part of?
SAR group (protist)
50
What are non-protists that are a part of the eukaryotic supergroup, unikonta?
Fungi and Animals
51
What are non-protists that are a part of the super group, Archaeplastida?
Land plants
52
When fungi and animals are grouped together, what are they called?
Opisthokonts

Bio 1010 exam (9 decks)

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