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Bio 1010 exam > Section 3 Diversity: Eukaryotes and Protists > Flashcards

Section 3 Diversity: Eukaryotes and Protists Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Include Eukarya (fungi and protists)
Evidence indicates the eukaryotic cells evolve from some prokaryotic cell about 1.8 billion years ago

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2
Q

Explain the Endomembrane theory

A

Explains the evolution of eukaryotes

Prokaryotes are the ancestor
Plasma membrane invaginates (fold inwards)
Membrane bound organelles (early eukaryotes)

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3
Q

Explain the Endosymbiotic theory

A

Explains the evolution of eukaryotes
The relationship b/w chloroplast and mitochondria

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4
Q

What are the two events in the endosymbiotic theory and what organism do they involve

A

Has 2 events that involved heterotrophic prokaryotes and autotrophic prokaryotes:
1) Hetertophic prokaryotes, have mitochondrion
- engulf mitochondrion because they realize the benefits
2) Autotrophic prokaryotes, have chloroplasts
- engulf photosynthetic prokaryote (chloroplast)

NOTE: All eukaryotic cells have mitochondria but not all have chloroplasts

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5
Q

What are the 5 super groups of eukaryotes

A

(E,C,R,A,U)
Excavate, Chromalveolata, Rhizaria, Achaeaplastida, and Unikonta

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6
Q

Protists characteristics

A

Mostly unicellular eukaryotes that is not an animal, fungus or plant
- are found in a variety of aquatic or moist habitats

They may be:
1) Autotrophic
2) Heterotrophic
3) Mixotrophic

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7
Q

Autotrophic

A

Protists can be autotrophic
Called algae (make own energy), but not all algae are autotrophs some are heterotrophs

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8
Q

Heterotrophic

A

Protists can be heterotropic
Informally called protozoans, need to eat to make energy

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9
Q

Mixotrophic

A

Protists can be micotrophic
Capable of photosynthesis and heterotrophy

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10
Q

Name the different Eukaryote super groups that protists are found in?

A

Excavata, SAR group, Archaeplastida and Unikonta

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11
Q

Why are there 4 super groups for protists but there are 5 supergroups overall for all microorganisms

A

there are 4 super groups because whatever doesn’t fit in fungi, animal and land plants are grouped in protists

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12
Q

What are the 2 Eukaryote super groups that are in the SAR group of protists

A

Involves 2 Eukaryotes super groups: Chromalveolata (stramenophiles and Alveolates) and Rhizarians

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13
Q

Chromalveolata contains what protist groups?
What are the examples of Chromalveolata and differentiate each example into the protist groups

A

Contains protists, Stramenopiles and Alveolates grouped together

And contains 3 examples:
1) Ciliates (paramecium) - Alveolates
2) Diatoms - Stramenophiles
3) Brow algae - Streamenophiles

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14
Q

Ciliates are an example of?

A

Ciliates are an example Alveolates
Alveolates are in a type of Eukaryotic supergroup called, Chromalveolata and they are a type of Protists (SAR group for protists)

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15
Q

Diatoms are an example of?

A

Diatoms are an example of Stramenophiles
Stramenophiles are in a type of Eukaryotic supergroup called, Chromalveolata and they are Protists

They are unicellular
Rich in nutrients -> Food source

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16
Q

Diatoms characteristics?

A

They are unicellular
Rich in nutrients -> Food source

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17
Q

Brow Algae are an example of?

A

Brow Algae are an example of Stramenophiles
(Stramenophiles are in the Eukaryote supergroup, Chromalveolata and they are Protists)

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18
Q

Brow algae characteristics

A

Multicellular (marine organism)
need water to survive
looks like plants but not classified into land plants
(lack root, stem and leave structure)

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19
Q

Excavata characteristics

A

They are a super group of Eukaryotes, protists

  • “Excavated” feeding groove
  • Have modified (reduced) mitochondria - lack functional Electron Transport Chains
  • Use anaerobic pathways (like glycolysis) to extract energy dont need oxygen
  • Can be heterotrophic, autotrophic or mixotrophic
  • KEY CHARACTERISTIC: have flagella -> diff purposes like bring food closer
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20
Q

What are examples of the Excavata?

A

Trichomanas vaginalis
Euglenoids

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21
Q

Differentiate Trichomonas vaginalis in females and males

A

Sexual transmitted parasites feed on WBC of vaginal lining in female and cell lining of reproductive tract in males

22
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis are an example of

A

They are an example of the super Eukaryotic group, Excavata (protists)

23
Q

What are Euglenoids an example of?

A

An example of the eukaryotic supergroup, Excavata (protists)

24
Q

What are Euglenoids

A

typically green or colorless
Have flagella (dont see flagella right away unless you zoom in)
Have a flexible body
found in freshwater
the body is covered in protein-rich layer called pellicle

25
Q

Pellicle

A

Protein-rich layer that covers the body of euglenoids (example of the Excavata group)

26
Q

What does the SAR group stand for

A

Stramenopiles
Alveolates
Rhizarians

27
Q

Which group do Stramenopiles belong too

A

SAR group (Eukaryotic, protists) but they are group together in chromalveolata

28
Q

What group do Alveolates belong too? What are their characteristics

A

The protist super group, SAR group (Eukaryotic, protists)
- Chromavleolata (contains only Stramenophiles and Alveolates)

Have cilia (tiny little hair)
Diverse group
Unicellular autotrophs, heterotrophs and mixotrophic
Some produce neurotoxins which are a defence mechanism - help corral and itself from other fish and animals

29
Q

What group do Rhizarians belong too

A

The Eukaryote super groupd, Rhizaria, but found in th SAR group (eukaryotes, protists)

30
Q

When Stramenopiles and Alveolates are grouped together, what are they called?

A

Chromaveolata (eukaryotes, protist)

31
Q

What are key features of Rhizaria?

A

Referred to as amoebae

KEY FEATURE: Thread-like Pseudopodia (extension of body)

Have shell
- some are porous, compose of organic material, hardened by calcium carbonate (thought looking shell

Properties: due to hardened shell, they die then sink to the bottom of the ocean and become mineralized and there on become a different layer

32
Q

What are Pseudopods

A

A key feature of the group, Rhizaria
An extension of the body

33
Q

What group do Rhizarians belong to?

A

Eukaryote supergroup of protists, the SAR group

34
Q

Archaeplastida characteristics

A

Protist (eukaryotes)

Red algae, green algae (land plants are a part of this group but are a different section because the algae evolve to living on land)

  • Almost all members are autotrophic (make own energy)
  • Few species are unicellular most are multicellular
35
Q

Chlamydomonas

A

Type of green algae and is in Archaeplastida group
Some might have flagella

36
Q

Volvox

A

Small community of green algae (archaeplastida) clusters
- they are like antioxidants (ex. Supplements)

37
Q

Protozoans

A

Type of protist, and is Heterotrophic
- need to eat to make own energy

38
Q

What group is preferred to as an Amoebae?

A

Rhizaria (a part of SAR group)

39
Q

If a group doesnt fit in fungi, animal and land plants, what is it then called?

A

Protist

40
Q

Unikonta group

A

Amoebozoans - protists
- including free-living species amoebas, some parasitic amebas And slime moles (have type-shapes or lobe-shapes pseudopodia)

41
Q

Pseudopodia

A

Smile molds have pseudopodias’s which are used to ingest algae and enclosed in food vacuoles and they absorb nutrients

42
Q

Plasmodium

A

An example of the Unikonta group
They are
Unicellular and multinucleated
Mass of cytoplasm
Visible to eye and its big

43
Q

What group are Amoebozoans, fungi and animals a part of?

A

Unikonta group (protist)

44
Q

What protist groups are in the super group of Unikonta?

A

Amoebozoans

45
Q

What protist groups are in the super group of SAR?

A

Stramenopiles, Alveolates and Rhizarians

46
Q

Give examples of the super group, Excavata?

A

Ex) Trichnomonas vaginalis and Euglenoids

47
Q

What protist groups are in the super group Archaeplastida

A

Red and green Algae

48
Q

Which super group are red, green algae and land plants are a part of?

A

Archaeplastida group (protist)

49
Q

What Protist super group are Stramenopiles, Alveophiles ad Rhizarians a part of?

A

SAR group (protist)

50
Q

What are non-protists that are a part of the eukaryotic supergroup, unikonta?

A

Fungi and Animals

51
Q

What are non-protists that are a part of the super group, Archaeplastida?

A

Land plants

52
Q

When fungi and animals are grouped together, what are they called?

A

Opisthokonts

Bio 1010 exam (9 decks)

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