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Bio 1010 exam > Section 2 Evolution: Natural Selection, Speciation, Evolution History And Phylogeny > Flashcards

Section 2 Evolution: Natural Selection, Speciation, Evolution History And Phylogeny Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what does the evolution theory explain

A

Explains the adaptations of organism and the unity and diversity of life

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2
Q

What did Charles Darwin hypothesized and what theory did he compose?

A

Through comparison and observation, hypothesized
“Descent with modification”

Composed theory of evolution by natural selection
- hypothesis supported by many researches over 150 years -> concept of evolution by natural selection was regarded as a theory afterwards

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3
Q

Descent with modification

A

Parents genes passing down to offspring - “modification” then turned into Theory of evolution by natural selection
- observe that organisms have different traits

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4
Q

What are Darwin’s observations

A

Variability in character traits

Heritability of character traits

Overproduction of offspring

Competition between offspring

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5
Q

Variability in character traits

A

(Charles Darwin’s observation)
Stating that character traits vary

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6
Q

Heritability of character traits

A

(Charles Darwin observation)
Reproduce and offspring will inherit parents traits
- 2 different variation combinations
Gametes 1/2 from each parent

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7
Q

Overproduction of offspring increases?

A

(Charles Darwin’s observation)
Increasing the amount of offspring produces will
increase chances of a new trait to emerge
Increasing the beneficial trait

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8
Q

Competition between offspring

A

(Charles Darwin observation)
Beneficial trait increases survival and mating rate
- passing down favourable genes

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9
Q

What are the Evidences for evolution

A

Homologous structures
Molecular evidence (microevolution)

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10
Q

What are Homologous structures and what are the two types?

A

Between different species that have similar characteristics but have different functions
Ex) bone structures are similar

There are two types of homologous structures
1) development homologies (embryonic structures(
2) Vestigial homologies (structural remnants) that still remains however doesn’t affect the function

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11
Q

Homology

A

Similarity resulting from common ancestry

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12
Q

Molecular evidence

A

Microevolution: see changes in the structure

  1. DNA sequences
    Ex) red panda align DNA sequences together to find similarities
    - similarities closely related to each other
  2. RNA sequences
  3. Protein sequences
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13
Q

Natural selection

A

Happened naturally by environmental pressure
Happens over long periods of time

Natural selections happens from
1. Favourable variations
2. Unequal inheritance

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14
Q

Favourable variations

A

(Natural selection)
Survive longer -> more offspring
- passed on will be higher

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15
Q

Unequal inheritance

A

(Natural selection)
“Survival of the fittest”
- accumulation of favourable traits

UNFAVOURABLE traits disappear

Resulting, in gradual change in population overtime

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16
Q

Ancestral canine gives rise to the African wild dog, coyote, fox, wolf and jackal throughout 100,00s-1,000,000s of years whats this an example of?

A

Example of natural selection
Happens naturally by environmental pressures and over long periods of time

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17
Q

Artificial selection

A

Creates a new type of species to their desire
Pick and choose and create a pressure on species
Takes a shorter period of time compared to natural selection

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18
Q

There is a pesticide application on insects and there are some survivors and some die. Additional applications of the same pesticide will be less effective because…

A

(Example of molecular evidence)

The survivors will carry the resistant gene to pesticide spray and next offspring will carry this resistant gene therefore the same pesticide wont work
- same pesticide will be less effective and frequency of resistant insects in population will grow

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19
Q

Types of artificial selection

A

Domestication

Selective breeding

Horticulturalists

Animal breeders

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20
Q

Kale, rhubarb, broccoli and cabbage are examples of

A

Horticulturalists

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21
Q

German shepeard, Yorkshire terrier, English springer spaniel, mini-dachshund, and golden retriever are examples of what selection

A

Artificial selection and a type of Animal breeders

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22
Q

Canola oil plant (cooking oil) example of

A

Horticulturalists
Produce an oil thats not too healthy - artificially produced (arise from genetically modified plants)

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23
Q

How can natural selection affect the distribution of phenotypes in a population

A

Stabilizing population
Directional selection
Disruptive selection
(Look at graphs in notes slide 12-14)
Sexual selection

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24
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

(How natural selection can affect the distribution of phenotypes in a pop.)
Favours intermediate phenotypes
- narrow in the middle)

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25
Q

Directional selection

A

(How natural selection can affect the distribution of phenotypes in a pop.)
Shifts the overall makeup of the population by acting against individuals at one of the phenotypic extremes
- theres a selective pressure put on a population shifting the population

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26
Q

Disruptive selection

A

(How natural selection can affect the distribution of phenotypes in a pop.)
Typically occurs when a environmental conditions vary in a way that favours individuals at both ends of a phenotypic range over individuals with intermediate phenotypes
- middle taken out; valley = disruptive

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27
Q

Sexual selection

A

(How natural selection can affect the distribution of phenotypes in a pop.)

A form of natural selection in which individuals with certain characteristics (that attract others a lot more) are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates

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28
Q

Why is natural selection the mechanism of evolution?

A

due to deritable variation, normal distributions and it can lead to adaptive evolution

Heritable variation
- pesticide example) those with the best resistant gene will survive

Normal distribution (bell shaped curve)

Because of natural selection will lead to adaptive evolution
- if we live in an adaptive evolution, next generation will have to be adaptive whenever the natural selection is applied too

Genotypes -can lead to-> favourable phenotypes
-genetic makeup code for physical traits
Genotypes -can lead to-> unfavourable phenotypes

Doesnt mean that the gene is good or bad, just have a higher chance of adaptation and survival in that point in time

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29
Q

Heritable variation example

A

Why natural selection is the mechanism of evolution
pesticide example) those with the best resistant gene will survive

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30
Q

Normal distribution

A

why natural selection is the mechanism of evolution
bell shaped curve

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31
Q

Why should we live in an adaptive evolution?

A

Because of natural selection will lead to adaptive evolution
- if we live in an adaptive evolution, next generation will have to be adaptive whenever the natural selection is applied too

Genotypes -can lead to-> favourable phenotypes
-genetic makeup code for physical traits
Genotypes -can lead to-> unfavourable phenotypes

Doesnt mean that the gene is good or bad, just have a higher chance of adaptation and survival in that point in time

32
Q

Why did Gregor mendel use pea plants in his experiment for the model of inheritance?

A

easy to grow
the flowers are bisexual
short generation time
excellent disease resistant and optimal survival rate
the traits (or characteristics) are distinguishable (tall vs short, wrinkle vs round, flower color, or pod color or shape)

33
Q

Mendel proposed a model of inheritance based on..?

explain the process of the dominant traits and alleles

A

Characteristics such as flower, color, plant height and seed shape

the dominant trait could mask the present of the recessive trait

the pair of alleles are separated and during gamete production such that each gamete (sperm or egg) randomly recieved one allele
- different alleles control different traits and were inherited independantly from one another

34
Q

what is a genotype and phenotype

A

genotype = codes for phenotype
phenotype = the traits that are being expressed (genes being expressed physically)

35
Q

the hardy weinberg equation

A

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

p^2 = dominant homozygotes
2pq = dominant heterozygotes
q^2 = recessive homozygotes

36
Q

What is q and p in the hardy-weinberg equation

A

q = frequency of recessive allele
p = frequency of dominant allele
for both can be any letter

37
Q

The hardy weinberg equillibrium states that…

and can be used to test..

A

States that allele and genotype frequenicies will remain constant if
1) population is large
2) mating is random (what genotype or phenotype will be expressed)
3) there is no mutation, gene flow, or natural seletion

38
Q

The hardy weinberg equillibrium can be used to test?

A

Can be used to test whether evolution is occuring in a population by comparing allele frequencys between the parent and offspring generations

39
Q

Three main causes of microevolution

A

(microevolution = molecular evidences

Natural selection

Gene flow

genetic drift (the bottle neck and founder effects)

40
Q

Natural selection

A

is a mechanism of microevolution (molecular evidence)

is the the process whereby organisms better adapted to their enviornment tend to survive better and produce more offspring

41
Q

gene flow

A

allele frequencies in a population are changed when fertile individual in the population move into or out of a population or in between population
- this tends to reduce the differences between populations

42
Q

Genetic drift

A

one of the main causes of microevolution

Natural events causes allele frequencies to fluctate unpredictably from one generation to another.
- the smaller the pop. the more impact genetic drivt is likely to have (an allele can be lost completely from a small pop)

Two situations can happen
involve the bottle neck affect and the founder affect

43
Q

The bottle neck affect

A

In the original population, different alleles (traits) present at different frequencies

The bottle neck affect = natural enviornment changes = population reduced

The surviving population will contain even less (or maybe completely lost) of the less frequent allele

44
Q

What two situations can happen during genetic drift

A

The bottle neck affect and the founder affect

45
Q

Explain The founder effect and provide an example

A

A part of genetic drift (a mechanism for microevolution)
new gene is being introduced into a new population through a small group of founder (or colonist) - so the frequncy of gene becomes the dominant one in the population

example) the colonists came and populated a small island and introduced new genes into the population gene pool
- the gene from the colonist become the founder gene to the population on the island and eventually become the dominant gene there

The founder gene in the founder effect can be positive or negative toward the new population

46
Q

Different between the bottle neck affect and the founder affect

A

Bottle neck affect: Different alleles present at diff times at different frequences and the bottle neck is the natural disaster

**The founder affect: ** New gene is being introduced into a new population through a small group of founders (colonist) = freq. gene becomes the dominant one in the pop.

These are a part of genetic drift which is a mechanism for microevolution

47
Q

Speciation

A

The process of new species arise

48
Q

What are the two types of speciation

A

Allopatric speciation and Sympatric speciation

49
Q

Differentiate between the two types of speciation

A

Allopatric speciation: a group of population evolve into seperate species due to a period of geographical separation

Sympatric speciation: a group of population evolve into seperate species without any geographical separation

50
Q

What are the different types of barriers

A

Prezygotic, Postzygotic and no barriers

51
Q

Prezygotic barriers

A

Includes habitat isolation, temporal isolation, behavioural isolation, mechanical isolation, and gamete isolation

52
Q

Habitat Isolation

A

(prezygotic barrier) species living in diff habitats

53
Q

Temporal isloation

A

(prezygotic barrier) species produce at different times

54
Q

behavioural isolation

A

(prezygotic barrier) species have different courtship behaviours or mate preferences

55
Q

Mechanical isolation

A

(prezygotic barrier) species have reproductive structures that dont fit together

56
Q

Gamete isolation

A

(prezygotic barrier) species with egg and sperm cells that can combine in fertilization
- the number of chromosomes need to match b/w species and different species will have different numbers of chromosomes

57
Q

Postzygotic barriers

A

After egg is fertilized and they prdouce one generation offspring

involves:
reduced hybrid viability
reduced hybrid fertility
Hybrid breakdown (offspring may not be similar to grandparent)

58
Q

What is the difference between prezygotic barriers and postzygotic barriers

A
59
Q

What is the divergence of population

A

“smaller branches; tree”

two or more population of ancestral species accumulate independant genetic changes (mutations) through time, which leads to reproductive isolation and different species arises
- due to enviornmental pressure causing changes to favourable/unfavourable traits
- allelic frequencies change due to non-random mating, natural selection, and/or new mutations arise

60
Q

What is convergent evolution? What are the two structures?

A

“multiple branches converges into one branch”

Similar enviornments and natural selection produce similar adaptations in organism from different evolutionary lineages

Analogous structures and homologous strucutres
Analogous strucutres: similar functions, different structure
Homologous strucutres: similar structure, different functions

61
Q

Difference between divergence of population and convergent evolution

A

Divergence population = two or more pop of ancestral species accumulate independent genetic changes (mutations through time, lead to reproductive isolation so diff species arise
- smaller branches; a tree

Convgerent evolution = similar enviornments and natural selection produce similar adaptations in organism from different evolutionary linages
- Multiple branches converges into one branch

62
Q

What are the two structures in convergent evolution

A

Analogous structures and homologous strucutres
Analogous strucutres: similar functions, different structure
Homologous strucutres: similar structure, different functions

63
Q

Explain the earths formation

A

4.6 biollio years ago
5.Young earth began as molten mass then sorted into different layers of diff density, solidifying into diff crust layer

64
Q

What was the first cell that dated back 3.5 billion years ago

A

The first prokaryote (stromatolites fossil) - photosynthetic prokaryotes provide oxygen to the earths atmosphere

65
Q

What are the 4 primitive gases

A

hydrogen gas, water vapor, methane and ammonia

66
Q

Miller experiment explains

A

Millers experiment replicated the conditions of the earth and at this time he was using the 4 primitive gases, so he oxidized the 4 gases and the ozygen was the strong oxidiyzing agent.

That organic molecules (hydrocarbon chain and amino acids)
first evidence that molecules of life could have arisn spontaneously from inorganic precursours

67
Q

What is type of cells and organisms are involved in the evolution history? What is this result in?

A

Prokaryotes - utilizing CO2
First Eukaryotic cells then emerged (single cells)
- multicellular eukaryotes
Animals
resulted into the colonization of the land

68
Q

How many mass extinctions are there

A

4.6 but rounded to 5 mass extinctions

69
Q

What is the order of evolution history

A

Hadean eon, Archaean eon, Proterozoic eon and Panerozoic eon

70
Q

What is the classification order

A

Domain (3 domains Bacteria, eukarya and archaea)
Kingdom (3 kingdowms)
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

71
Q

What is phylogeny

A

Evolution history of a species of group of species

72
Q

Phylogenetic tree

A

hypothesis of evolutionary relationships

73
Q

What is taxonomy
(Look at diagram example in notes)

A

branch of biology concerned with identifying, naming and classifying species
- homologous structures can be used to determine the branching sequence of an evolutionary tree
- These homologies can include anatomical structure and/or molecular structure

74
Q

What is the evolution of population

A

Organisms typicall show individual varations
- Mutations are the ultimate source of the genetic variation that serves as raw material for evolution

75
Q

Mutations

A

The ultimate source of the genetic variation that serves as raw material for evolution

76
Q

Fresh assorments of existing alleles arise every generation from what three random components of sexual reproduction

A

Crossing over, independant orientation of homologous chromosomes at metaphase I of meiosis and random fertilization

77
Q

What are the 5 key points about evolutionary adaptation in natural selection

A

1) natural selection is more of an editing prcoess than a creative mechanism
2) natural selection is contingent on time and place, favoring those hetiable traits in a varying population that fit the current, local enviornment
3) Although natural selection occurs through interactions between individual organisms and the enviornment, individuals do not evolve. Rather it is the population, the group of organisms that evolves over time
4) Natural selection can amplify or diminish only heritable traits
5) evolution is not goal directed; it does not lead to perfectly adapted organisms

Bio 1010 exam (9 decks)

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