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Bio 1010 exam > Section 3 Diversity: Plants > Flashcards

Section 3 Diversity: Plants Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Which eukaryote super group are land plants a part of?

A

Archaeplastida group

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2
Q

Charophytes definition
it’s relation to plants and green algae
and it’s functions

A

Charophytes are Photosynthetic eukaryotes, many with complex multicellular bodies

Life in water:
Charophytes are a common ancestor that evolved between plants and green algae which are Charophytes

Still exists, present and is a good source of food:
1) Supportive for marine Life
2) Source of nutrients

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3
Q

Plants and green algae are thought to have a common ancestor called

A

Charophytes

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4
Q

What is the specific adaption of Charophytes

A

allowed for colonization of lands (475 million years for complete independence from water)

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5
Q

4 key features that allow plants to live on land (adaptations for land)

A

Cuticle
Vascular tissues
Lignified tissues
Sperm Dispersal

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6
Q

Cuticle

A

A key feature for Plants to adapt on land
A “door way” for water - water transport
- help with prevention water loss in plants (due to water evaporation)

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7
Q

What are Vascular tissues

A

A key feature for Plants to adapt on land
Vascular tissues are a network of thick walled cells joined into narrow tubes that spread out to through entire plant body
- They’re structure and used for nutrient transportation
- Need vascular tissue for the exchange of gases (CO2 and O2)

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8
Q

Lignified Tissues

A

A key feature for Plants to adapt on land
Example) the bark out side, or branches of tree

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9
Q

Sperm Disperal

A

A key feature for Plants to adapt on land
Starts off ass a flagellated sperm then overtime turns into a spore

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10
Q

Stomata are a

A

Structure in vascular tissue
Doorway for gas exchange (surface on leaves, a lot of them)
-> site for CO2 and O2 gas exchange (diffuse across surface)

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11
Q

What plants are in Non vascular plants

A

Liverworts, Mosses, and Hornworts

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12
Q

Liverworts, Mosses and hornworts are in what type of plant

A

Bryophytes (Non Vascular plants)

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13
Q

What plants are in Vascular plants

A

Seedless Vascular plants and Seed plants

Seedless Vascular plants: Lycophytes, Monilophytes

Seed vascular plants: Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

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14
Q

Haplodiplontic

A

A characterstic for general plant cycles alternation of generation
- Haploid, diploid alternation
- the diploid and haploid stages are distinct mutlicellular bodies

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15
Q

Explain the General plant cycles and the Haplodiplontic process

A

Haploid Gametes (Sperm and Egg)
- goes through fertilization to form…
Diploid Zygote (fertilized egg)
- goes through mitosis and development to form
Diploid Sporophyte (fertilized)
- Goes through meiosis to form..
Haploid Spores
- Goes through mitosis to form…
Haploid Gametophyte
- Goes through mitosis to form …
Haploid Gamete (Sperm and egg)

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16
Q

Chromsome set of Gametes and it goes through what process in the Plant life cycle

A

Haploid
Sperm and egg
goes through fertilization to form Zygote

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17
Q

Chromsome set of Zygote and it goes through what process in the Plant life cycle

A

Diploid
Goes through mitosis and development to form Sporophyte (2n)

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18
Q

Chromsome set of Sporophyte and it goes through what process in the Plant life cycle

A

Diploid
Made by zygote from mitosis and development
Goes through meiosis to form Spores (n)

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19
Q

Chromsome set of Spores and it goes through what process in the Plant life cycle

A

Haploid
Made by the sporophyte (2n) from meiosis
Mitosis and development to form gametophyte (n)

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20
Q

Chromsome set of Gametophyte plant and it goes through what process in the Plant life cycle

A

Haploid
Made by spores from mitosis and development
Goes through mitosis to form sperm and egg (both haploid

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21
Q

Chromsome set of Gamete and it goes through what process in the Plant life cycle

A

Haploid
Sperm and Egg
Made by gametophyte plant (n) by mitosis
Goes through fertilization to form Zygote (2n)

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22
Q

Chromsome set of Zygote and it goes through what process in the Plant life cycle

A

Diploid
Made by fertilization from gametes (egg and sperm)
Goes through mitosis and development to form sporophyte (2n)

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23
Q

What does the Sporophyte body contain?

A

contains Three organ systems (2 above ground, 1 below ground)

  • Above ground: Stem (shoots) and leaves (spore producing structure)
  • Below ground: roots

Sporophyte body contains vascular tissues (Diploid body)
waxy cuticle (hydrophobic characteristic - wat makes water droplets on leaves)
Genderless (No gender)

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24
Q

What is the characteristic of the waxy cuticle of the sporophyte body

A

Hydrophobic characteristic ex) water droplets on leaves of the plant

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25
Q

What are the 3 organ systems of the sporophyte body?

A

2 above ground and 1 below ground
Above ground: stem (shoots) and leaves (spore producing structure)
below ground: roots

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26
Q

Gamteophytes chromosome number, characteristics and gender names

A

Multicellular (diploid)
Haploid (if they have): spores and Gametes - recall plant life cycle

Gametangia
Female: Archegonia
Male: Antheridia

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27
Q

Male gametangia name

A

Antheridia

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28
Q

Female gametangia name

A

Archegonia

29
Q

Antheridia is a

A

Male gametangia

30
Q

Archegonia is a

A

female gametangia

31
Q

Basic Gametophyte body

A

gametophyte body = haploid
Thallus
No vascular tissue
Leaves
Stem
Root (Rhizoids = underground part of plant, no function of root structure yet)
Have gender

32
Q

Rhizoids

A

are roots which are an underground part of a plant, no function of the root structure yet

33
Q

Non vascular plants are called..?
What are the types of non vascular plants

A

Non vascular plants are called, Bryophytes
Includes, Mosses and worts (liverworts and hornworts)

34
Q

Mosses and worts (liverworts and hornworts) are examples of

A

Bryophytes (nonvascular plants)

35
Q

Non vascular plants characteristics

A

Gameteophyte dominants
- photosynthetic
- depend on sporophyte
Most habitats (sperm)

36
Q

Bryophytes life cycle

A

Aka no vascular plants

Male gametangium sperm (haploid) goes into female gametangium egg (haploid) fertilization (meiosis) happens then forms

Zygote (2n)
Develops forming gametophyte body and sporophyte body
Then goes into meiosis to form…

Spores (n)
Goes under mitosis and development into gametophyte plants (male and female) then

Gametophyte plants (n)
go under mitosis to form Male gametangium (haploid) and female gametangium (haploid)

37
Q

Which stages are meiosis in the Bryophytes cycle

A

Fertilization occurs b/w Male and female gametangium to form:
Zygote (2n):
Which Develops forming gametophyte body and sporophyte body

38
Q

Which stages are mitosis in the Bryophytes cycle

A

1) Spores (n)
Goes under mitosis and development into gametophyte plants (n) then…

2) Gametophyte plants (n)
go under mitosis to form Male gametangium (haploid) and female gametangium (haploid) which then the sperm and egg go under fertilization

39
Q

Seedless vascular plants include what groups of vascular plants?

A

Lycophytes (haploid) and Monilophytes

40
Q

Club mosses and fern are examples of

A

lycophytes (haploid) - Vascular plants

41
Q

Examples of lycophytes

A

examples of lycophytes are Club mosses (small and grow close to ground, small predecessors of leaves microphyls) and ferns

42
Q

Seed less vascular plants characteristics

A

They are sporophyte dominant
- lignified (branches) vascular tissue
- independent gametophyte

Apical meristem - primary growth

Moist habitats - sperm

43
Q

Apical meristem is

A

primary growth-producing regions of cell division of seedless vascular plants (lycophtes and monilophytes)

44
Q

Club mosses and fern are examples of

A

lycophytes

45
Q

Mosses and worts (liverworts and hornworts) are examples of

A

Bryophytes (nonvascular plants)

46
Q

Explain Monilophytes life cycle stages

A

Zygote goes under mitosis and development into a
Mature sporophyte (clusters or sporangia) and mature sporophyte release spores
spores go under mitosis and development into gametophyte plant and gametophtye plant goes under mitosis where the sperm of the
male gametangium go into the female gametangium
fertilization occurs and turns into zygote

47
Q

The haploid generation of a plant that produces gametes is called

A

gametophyte

48
Q

The diploid generation of a plant that produces spores is called

A

Sporophyte

49
Q

What is the major difference between the moss and fern life cycle (Bryophytes and Moniophytes cycle)

A

In mosses the dominant body is the gametophyte dependant on sporophyte
- they are photosynthetic

in ferns the sporophyte is dominant and independant of the gamteophyte (don’t grow as tall or sturdy as vascular tissue because they dont have vascular tissue that supports
- they have lignified vascular tissue

50
Q

Plants are

A

Plants are a part of the Eukaryote super group, archaeplastida

51
Q

What are spores

A

single cell (1n)

52
Q

Seeds are..

A

Embryonic sporophyte
nutrient source
protective seed coat
Can stay dormant till the time is right avoid harsh conditions

53
Q

Differentiate between gymnosperms and angiosperms

A

gymnosperms are naked seed conifers

Angiosperms are enclosed seeds and they are flowering plants

Both are vascular plants and are seed producing which allow for more tolerance to the enviornment (can live in drier habitat) - disperse pollens, and both are sporophyte dominant (dependant on gametophyte)

54
Q

What are gymnosperms

A

earliest seed plants
naked seeds (gymno = naked in latin) - not specialized in chambers
- cone bearing conifers (earliest clades of gymnosperms)
ex. of gymnosperms that are less common:cycads and ginko

Sporophyte dominant
- dependant on gametophyte
- produce pollen

Consitutes of the biggest and oldest plants

55
Q

What are angiosperms

A

Derived seed plants
- seed within fruits - with protective chambers
- Grasses, hebaceous plants, flowering shrubs trees

Sporophyte dominant
- dependant on gametophyte
- pollen

56
Q

Due to evolutionary advantage what happens to angiosperms in regards to flowers and fruits?

A

Angiosperms are thriving due to evolutionary change (natural selection is the key to adapt better)
flowers - pollination via animals or wind
Fruits - seed dissemination

57
Q

which part of the life cycle does a pollen grain represent?

A

male gametophyte

58
Q

Which plant life cycle does germination occurs?

A

Angiosperms plant life cycle

59
Q

Which plant life cycle does pollenation occurs?

A

Gymnosperms and angiosperms plant life cycle

60
Q

What represents the sporophyte generation of a conifer?

A

treeproduces the female sporophyte

61
Q

What produces the gametophytes?

A

cones produces the male gametophytes

62
Q

What is pollination

A

pollen grains go under mitosis

63
Q

What strucutre in the plant life cycle contains egg-produucing gametophytes

A

The ovule

64
Q

How do pollen and seeds increase the reproductive success of seed plants

A

pollen transfers sperm to eggs without the need for water
The seed protects, nourishes, and helps disperse plant embryos

65
Q

in the plant life cycle, the ovulate cone and pollen cone create what

A

the Sporangium (2n)

66
Q

In the plant cycle, What does the anther contain and release?

A

the anther contains pollen grains that are male gametangium

67
Q

In the plant cycle what does the ovary contain?

A

The ovule that contains the female sporangium in the angiosperm life scycle

68
Q

In the plant cycle what does the ovule represent

A

the egg within a female gamteophyte in the angiosperm life cycle

69
Q

What are the female and male gametophytes in the angiosperm life cycle

A

Pollen grains from the anthers are male gametophytes

Bio 1010 exam (9 decks)

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