Section 1 Intro To Biology: Intro To Science, Biology And Themes In Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is biology

A

Biology is a science, knowledge, inquiry and reasoning

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2
Q

What are the two types of reasoning

A

Inductive and deductive reasoning

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3
Q

Inductive reasoning

A

Logic based on several observations
High chance that the reasoning might be the right one (have to prove that the reasoning is right or wrong)

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4
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

Logic based on making hypothesis and test for prediction

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5
Q

What is science

A

It is a process to learn, an approach to understand the world - sees evidence based process

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6
Q

Steps of scientific appraoch

A

Observation
question
hypothesize
predict
test

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7
Q

Scientific approach involves

A

Observations, hypothesis, predictions, test of hypothesis via experiments or additional observations and

analysis of data - lots of data needs to be collected; this use data helps us make our hypothesis - to make sure the data is analyzed correctly so that our results are reliable

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8
Q

How can a hypothesis be tested?

A

Using controlled experiments

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9
Q

What are in controlled experiments

A

Variables = factors that vary in an experiment
(Dependant and independant)

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10
Q

Dependant variables

A

Involved in controlled experiments
This factor is manipulated by researcher

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11
Q

Independant variable

A

A part of controlled experiments
Measurement of the outcome of the experiment

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12
Q

What are the steps of the scientific method

A

Observation
Question “ask!”
Hypothesize (cannot be proven true but can be proven false)
Predict (what you can do to test the hypothesis
Test (prediction and experiment)

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13
Q

Observational data example

A

The red panda origin

Red pandas are grouped with giant pandas due to their genetic information (through testing DNA)

Red pandas may have been grouped with raccoons for a short period of time (DNA evidence not related) based off of observational data b/c red pandas looks similar to the raccoons

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14
Q

Hypothesis can be tested using…?

A

Observational data and also controlled experiments

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15
Q

What is scientific theory

A

An in-depth explanation of how a phenomenon works based on testing different hypothesis and based on that different hypothesis can be developed and tested
- (multiple hypothesis about one thing, different scientists testing one thing, can be used for next hypothesis or next testing)

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16
Q

Biological theories

A

Has to be conditional and evolve as life evolves as new evidence comes up to support another hypothesis, then the theory will chance (because life evolves)

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17
Q

Law

A

Description of a phenomenon, often without any explanation (as to why something happens)

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18
Q

Life

A

The imperfect replicating system that evolves by natural selection

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19
Q

Key aspects of life?

A

Order
Reproduction
Growth and development
Response to the enviornment
Regulation
Evolutionary adaptation

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20
Q

Order

A

A key aspect of life
Have a certain development; structural
Number it followed
- in humans there’s a specific order for skeletal structure
- in animals it depends on types

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21
Q

Reproduction

A

A key aspect of life
Has to be reproductive to be considered alive
Offspring has to develop into a functional adult

22
Q

Growth and development

A

Need energy to grow
Chemical energy
Need an energy processing system to live

23
Q

Response to the enviornment

A

Need to respond to dander = higher chance of surviving
Respond to enviornment

24
Q

Regulation

A

Body has a regulation system
Ex) sweat when it gets hot (regulate body temp)

25
Q

Energy processing

A

A key aspect of life

26
Q

Evolutionary adaptation

A

Needs to adapt to survive
Organism cannot adapt to changes in enviornment; death

27
Q

Organism hierarchy of life

A

Molecule
Organelle
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere

28
Q

Molecule

A

Chemical
Atoms that make up a molecule make up an organelle

29
Q

Organelle

A

Molecules make up an organelle
Organelles make up cells

30
Q

Cell

A

Organelles make up Cells
Cells make up tissues

31
Q

Tissue

A

Multiple simillar cells make up tissues
(2 or more ) Tissues make up organs

32
Q

Organ and organ systems

A

2 or more tissues make up organs and organs make up organ systems

33
Q

Organism

A

Organs and organ systems make up organisms
Same Organisms living in a certain community make up a population

34
Q

Population

A

Group of same organisms living in a certain community make up a population

And Different populations of different species is a community

35
Q

Community

A

Different population of different species make up a community

Different communities that liver together in a confined system make up an ecosystem

36
Q

Ecosystem

A

An ecosystem is of different communities that live in a confined system

And different ecosystems on earth, different temperatures in those ecosystems and different systems make up a biosphere

37
Q

Biosphere

A

All of life
Composed of every living thing

38
Q

Order the hierarchy of life from simplest to complex

A

Molecule
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ and organ system
Organism
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere

39
Q

Order the hierarchy of life from complex to simplest

A

Biosphere
Ecosystem
Community
Population
Organism
Organ system and Organ
Tissue
Cells
Organelles
Molecule

40
Q

The cell theory

A

Described in 1664 through centuries of observations
All organisms are composed of one or more cells

Cells = basic unit of life
All cells come from pre existing cells

41
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

Cells without nucleus (bacteria)

42
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

Nucleus enclosed genetic materials (fungi, animals, protists and plants)

43
Q

The central themes of biology

A

Energy flow
Nutrient cycles
Universal genetic code
The genetic material
The theory of evolution
Natural selection
Tree of life

44
Q

Nutrient cycles

A

A central theme of biology

Producers —food source for—> consumers —foodsource for–> Decomposers –enrich food source for–> Rocks and soil —food source for-> producers

45
Q

Universal genetic code

A

A central theme of biology
involves all living organisms

46
Q

Genetic material

A

Involves
DNA (DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID)
4 nucleotides (A T C G)
64 three letter words
Gene that code for a specific trait (allele)
Proteins (20 different amino acids make up proteins)

47
Q

Nucleotides

A

4 nucleotides in our genetic material (DNA)
A T C G
- A double bonds with T (double helix)
- C triple bonds with G

48
Q

The theory of evolution

A

Central theme of biology
Universal common ancestor (time goes by, evolution happens; animals adapt to different environments
- process of chance that transformed life on earth from earliest form

49
Q

Natural selection

A

Traits must be inheritable (passing down offspring) and profitable (better chance of survival - live longer)

Selective pressure from enviornment (natural pressures on organisms)

Changes in the population (if an organism lives longer= higher chances of passing genetic material down = higher chance of survival)

50
Q

The tree of life is

A

Used for Common ancestor (some origin)
nodes in the tree = common ancestor
Has 3 main groups (domains)
Archaea, Eukarya and Bacteria

51
Q

What are the 3 domains of life

A

Bacteria, archaea and eukarya

Kingdoms of eukarya
(Protists, plantar, animalia and fungi)