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Bio 1010 exam > Section 3 Diversity: Prokaryotes > Flashcards

Section 3 Diversity: Prokaryotes Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the domains of Prokaryotes? What are its Characteristics

A

Include 2 domains, Archaea and bacteria
Structurally simpler
No membrane bound organelles
nucleus doesn’t have surrounding membrane

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2
Q

Prokaryotic organelle structures same as eukaryotic

A

Same as eukaryotic:
ER (rough and smooth), cytoskeleton (BUT only microfilament and microtubules), Golgi apparatus, mitochondrion, Nucleus (but non membranous), Nucleolus and chromatin

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3
Q

Prokaryotic structures different from eukaryotic

A

Different from eukaryotic
Cell wall (peptidoglycan), chloroplast (photosynthesis), peroxisome and plasmodesma

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4
Q

What domains of life does prokaryotes contain? Eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea
Eukaryotes: Eukarya

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5
Q

RRNA sequences of Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya

A

Bacteria: Some are unique to bacteria

Archaea: Some unique to archaea; some match eukaryotic sequences

Eukarya: Some unique to eukaryotes; some match or archeal sequences

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6
Q

RRNA polymerase differences between Domains

A

Bacteria: One kind; relatively small and simple

Archaea: Several kinds; complex

Eukarya: Several kinds; complex

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7
Q

Intron definition
What are the differences between Domains?

A

DNA sequences that don’t get expressed
When DNA gets transcribed that are positions called introns (regulatory regions)

bacteria: it’s rare

Archaea: in some genes

Eukarya: present

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8
Q

Peptidoglycan in cell wall differences in each domain

A

Bacteria: present

Archaea: Absent

Eukarya: Absent

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9
Q

Histones associated with DNA differences between domains

A

Bacteria: absent

Archaea: Present in some species

Eukarya: present

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10
Q

What characteristic is shared by bacteria and archaea but not by eukaryotes

A

prokaryote cells which lack nuclei and other membrane bound-enclosed organelles

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11
Q

Archaea

A

Are prokaryotes
Contains extreme halophiles, extreme thermophiles, and methanogens
Some archaea are preferred to as extremophiles

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12
Q

Extreme halophiles

A

Type of Archaea
Salt lovers
Survive in a high concentration of salt

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13
Q

Extreme thermophiles

A

Type of Archaea
Heat lovers
Survive in high temps

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14
Q

Some archaea are referred to as extremeophiles, why?

A

Because they can thrive in extreme environments that are too hot, too salty or too acidic for other organisms

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15
Q

Methanogens

A

Type of Archaea
Thrive in anaerobic conditions (dumps, cattle or other green house effect gas)

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16
Q

Bacteria
What are the 5 groups of bacteria?

A

A type of prokaryote
Divided into 5 groups based on comparison of genetic sequences
Proteobacteria, gram positive bacteria, Cyanobacteria, chlamydias, spirochetes

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17
Q

Proteobacteria

A

Prokaryotic (bacteria)
All gram-negative and share a particular rRNA sequence

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18
Q

What bacteria is all gram-negative and share a particular rRNA sequence

A

Proteobacteria

19
Q

Gram positive bacteria

A

Bacteria (prokaryotic)
Have peptidoglycan can cell wall - retain crystal violet stain (purple)

20
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

Bacteria (prokaryotic)
The only group of prokaryotes with plantlike, oxygen generating photosynthesis

21
Q

Chlamydias

A

Bacteria (prokaryotic)
Which live inside eukaryotic host cells

22
Q

Spirochetes

A

Bacteria (prokaryotic)
Including notorious pathogens

23
Q

Main characteristics of bacteria

A

Bacteria = prokaryote (no membrane bound organelles)
Smaller than eukaryotic cells
Reproduce quickly (doubling time quick) = great for generating genetic variation
Dividing by binary fission

24
Q

What are the 3 common shapes of bacteria

A

Three common shapes of bacteria include
- cocci
- bacilli
- spirochete/spirilla
Almost all have a cell wall

25
Q

How are bacteria classified?

A

Classified by reaction to gram stain
- Gram positive: have peptidoglycan cell walle (retain crystal violet stain (purple)
- Gram negative: no peptidoglycan cell wall, cannot retain crystal violet stain, only coloured by Sara in counter stain

26
Q

Gram positive

A

have peptidoglycan cell walle (retain crystal violet stain (purple)

27
Q

Gram negative

A

no peptidoglycan cell wall, cannot retain crystal violet stain, only coloured by sanfranin in counter stain

28
Q

Cocci

A

Shape of bacteria
Spherical

29
Q

Bacilli

A

Shape of bacteria
Rod-shaped

30
Q

Spirilla and Spirochete

A

Shape of bacteria
Spirilla = Short and rigid
Spirochete = long and flexible

31
Q

Different sources of energy used by prokaryotes

A

Energy sources (sunlight and chemical)

carbon sources (Organic compounds and CO2)

photoautotrophs, photoheterotrophs, chemoautotrophs, and chemoautortrophs

32
Q

What are autotrophs

A

taking nrg like CO2 and generate own organic molecule into an inorganic molecule

33
Q

What are heterotrophs

A

other type of organic molecule for

34
Q

Photoautotrophs

A

Carbon source: CO2
Energy source: Sunlight energy

35
Q

Photoheterotrophs

A

Carbon source: Organic compounds
Energy source: sunlight energy

36
Q

Chemoautotrophs

A

Carbon source: CO2
Energy source: Chemicals

37
Q

Chemoheterotrophs

A

Carbon source: Organic compounds
Energy source: Chemicals

38
Q

What is Lactobaccilus an example of

A

A friednly bacteria which is a probiotic

39
Q

Where is lacobacillus found

A

exist naturally in human (intestine and vagina), or in fermented products

40
Q

What are the benefits of lactobaccilus

A

benefits: aid in digestion, help break down food and absorb nutrients

41
Q

What bacteria is found in our intestine, vagina or are found in fermented products

A

Lactobaccilus

42
Q

When it comes to breast feeding how does lactobacillus help

A

Breast feeding: not only transfers antibodies from mother to baby but also Lactobaccilus helps break down lactose and other sugars into lactic acid

43
Q

Heterotrophic prokaryotes are involved in which event of endosymbiosis?
What organelle do they contain?

A

Involved in the first event of endosymbiosis
- have mitochondrion

44
Q

Autotrophic Prokaryotes are involved in which event of endosymbiosis?
What organelle do they contain?

A

Involved in the second event of endosymbiosis
Have chloroplasts

Bio 1010 exam (9 decks)

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