Section 3 Diversity: Prokaryotes

Question 1

What are the domains of Prokaryotes? What are its Characteristics

Answer 1

Include 2 domains, Archaea and bacteria
Structurally simpler
No membrane bound organelles
nucleus doesn’t have surrounding membrane

Question 2

Prokaryotic organelle structures same as eukaryotic

Answer 2

Same as eukaryotic:
ER (rough and smooth), cytoskeleton (BUT only microfilament and microtubules), Golgi apparatus, mitochondrion, Nucleus (but non membranous), Nucleolus and chromatin

Question 3

Prokaryotic structures different from eukaryotic

Answer 3

Different from eukaryotic
Cell wall (peptidoglycan), chloroplast (photosynthesis), peroxisome and plasmodesma

Question 4

What domains of life does prokaryotes contain? Eukaryotes?

Answer 4

Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea
Eukaryotes: Eukarya

Question 5

RRNA sequences of Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya

Answer 5

Bacteria: Some are unique to bacteria

Archaea: Some unique to archaea; some match eukaryotic sequences

Eukarya: Some unique to eukaryotes; some match or archeal sequences

Question 6

RRNA polymerase differences between Domains

Answer 6

Bacteria: One kind; relatively small and simple

Archaea: Several kinds; complex

Eukarya: Several kinds; complex

Question 7

Intron definition
What are the differences between Domains?

Answer 7

DNA sequences that don’t get expressed
When DNA gets transcribed that are positions called introns (regulatory regions)

bacteria: it’s rare

Archaea: in some genes

Eukarya: present

Question 8

Peptidoglycan in cell wall differences in each domain

Answer 8

Bacteria: present

Archaea: Absent

Eukarya: Absent

Question 9

Histones associated with DNA differences between domains

Answer 9

Bacteria: absent

Archaea: Present in some species

Eukarya: present

Question 10

What characteristic is shared by bacteria and archaea but not by eukaryotes

Answer 10

prokaryote cells which lack nuclei and other membrane bound-enclosed organelles

Question 11

Archaea

Answer 11

Are prokaryotes
Contains extreme halophiles, extreme thermophiles, and methanogens
Some archaea are preferred to as extremophiles

Question 12

Extreme halophiles

Answer 12

Type of Archaea
Salt lovers
Survive in a high concentration of salt

Question 13

Extreme thermophiles

Answer 13

Type of Archaea
Heat lovers
Survive in high temps

Question 14

Some archaea are referred to as extremeophiles, why?

Answer 14

Because they can thrive in extreme environments that are too hot, too salty or too acidic for other organisms

Question 15

Methanogens

Answer 15

Type of Archaea
Thrive in anaerobic conditions (dumps, cattle or other green house effect gas)

Question 16

Bacteria
What are the 5 groups of bacteria?

Answer 16

A type of prokaryote
Divided into 5 groups based on comparison of genetic sequences
Proteobacteria, gram positive bacteria, Cyanobacteria, chlamydias, spirochetes

Question 17

Proteobacteria

Answer 17

Prokaryotic (bacteria)
All gram-negative and share a particular rRNA sequence

Question 18

What bacteria is all gram-negative and share a particular rRNA sequence

Answer 18

Proteobacteria

Question 19

Gram positive bacteria

Answer 19

Bacteria (prokaryotic)
Have peptidoglycan can cell wall - retain crystal violet stain (purple)

Question 20

Cyanobacteria

Answer 20

Bacteria (prokaryotic)
The only group of prokaryotes with plantlike, oxygen generating photosynthesis

Question 21

Chlamydias

Answer 21

Bacteria (prokaryotic)
Which live inside eukaryotic host cells

Question 22

Spirochetes

Answer 22

Bacteria (prokaryotic)
Including notorious pathogens

Question 23

Main characteristics of bacteria

Answer 23

Bacteria = prokaryote (no membrane bound organelles)
Smaller than eukaryotic cells
Reproduce quickly (doubling time quick) = great for generating genetic variation
Dividing by binary fission

Question 24

What are the 3 common shapes of bacteria

Answer 24

Three common shapes of bacteria include
- cocci
- bacilli
- spirochete/spirilla
Almost all have a cell wall

Question 25

How are bacteria classified?

Answer 25

Classified by reaction to gram stain - Gram positive: have peptidoglycan cell walle (retain crystal violet stain (purple) - Gram negative: no peptidoglycan cell wall, cannot retain crystal violet stain, only coloured by Sara in counter stain

Question 26

Gram positive

Answer 26

have peptidoglycan cell walle (retain crystal violet stain (purple)

Question 27

Gram negative

Answer 27

no peptidoglycan cell wall, cannot retain crystal violet stain, only coloured by sanfranin in counter stain

Question 28

Cocci

Answer 28

Shape of bacteria Spherical

Question 29

Bacilli

Answer 29

Shape of bacteria Rod-shaped

Question 30

Spirilla and Spirochete

Answer 30

Shape of bacteria Spirilla = Short and rigid Spirochete = long and flexible

Question 31

Different sources of energy used by prokaryotes

Answer 31

Energy sources (sunlight and chemical) carbon sources (Organic compounds and CO2) photoautotrophs, photoheterotrophs, chemoautotrophs, and chemoautortrophs

Question 32

What are autotrophs

Answer 32

taking nrg like CO2 and generate own organic molecule into an inorganic molecule

Question 33

What are heterotrophs

Answer 33

other type of organic molecule for

Question 34

Photoautotrophs

Answer 34

Carbon source: CO2 Energy source: Sunlight energy

Question 35

Photoheterotrophs

Answer 35

Carbon source: Organic compounds Energy source: sunlight energy

Question 36

Chemoautotrophs

Answer 36

Carbon source: CO2 Energy source: Chemicals

Question 37

Chemoheterotrophs

Answer 37

Carbon source: Organic compounds Energy source: Chemicals

Question 38

What is Lactobaccilus an example of

Answer 38

A friednly bacteria which is a probiotic

Question 39

Where is lacobacillus found

Answer 39

exist naturally in human (intestine and vagina), or in fermented products

Question 40

What are the benefits of lactobaccilus

Answer 40

benefits: aid in digestion, help break down food and absorb nutrients

Question 41

What bacteria is found in our intestine, vagina or are found in fermented products

Answer 41

Lactobaccilus

Question 42

When it comes to breast feeding how does lactobacillus help

Answer 42

Breast feeding: not only transfers antibodies from mother to baby but also Lactobaccilus helps break down lactose and other sugars into lactic acid

Question 43

Heterotrophic prokaryotes are involved in which event of endosymbiosis? What organelle do they contain?

Answer 43

Involved in the first event of endosymbiosis - have mitochondrion

Question 44

Autotrophic Prokaryotes are involved in which event of endosymbiosis? What organelle do they contain?

Answer 44

Involved in the second event of endosymbiosis Have chloroplasts