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Bio 1010 exam > Section 3 Diversity: Animals > Flashcards

Section 3 Diversity: Animals Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What eukaryotic super group do animals belong to

A

Unikonta

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of an animal

A

Ingestive heterotrophs
lack cell walls
Tissue develop from embryonic germ layers
metamorphosis (baby to functional adult)
Directional motion

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3
Q

describe the animals life cycle
What are the stages that are haploid? Diploid?

A

Diplontic life cycle (majority of the life cycle is diploid)

Haploids are eggs and sperm (goes through meiosis)

Diploid stages: Mitosis
- Zygote, embryo (blastula and gastrula), larva (juvenile), Gamete (adult)

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4
Q

What are the general body features of animals

A

True tissue layers
Parazoa (no tissues) vs Eumetazoa (true tissues)

Symmetry
Asymmetry and Radiata vs. Bilateria

Blastophore fate
Protostomia vs. deuterostomia

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5
Q

What are the different symmetry’s of animals
provide an example for each

A

Asymmetry = no symmetry
Radial symmetry = evolved first, several planes of symmetry, one axis and the clade is radiata
ex) sea anemone
Bilateral symmetry = devried after, single plane of symmetry, multiple axes or side, clade is bilateria ex) lobster

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6
Q

Define Cephalization

A

Cephalization allows for the brain to have a space to form and allows the nervous system to form thus give rise to complex behaviour

Cephalization involves
* Formation of the head: Central nervous sytem
* With bilateral symmetry: clustering or neurons (ganglia, brains) and sensory organs
* able complex behaviours

Diff types of animals have diff types of CNS

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7
Q

Gastrulation

A

from the blastula to gastrula (early phase
- opening is the primitive gut = blastophore

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8
Q

blastophore

A

opening to the primitive gut

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9
Q

Blastophore fate involves

A

Gastrulation is from the blastula to gastrula (early phase)
and the blastopore which is the opening is the primitive gut

There are three embryonic tissue layers: Ectoderm, Mesoderm and Endoderm
- Cleavage the rapid cell division occurs when the zygote is fertilizied (egg and sperm)

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10
Q

What are the three embryonic layers

A

(Blastophore fate) ectoderm, Mesoderm and Endoderm

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11
Q

Cleavage

A

rapid cell division whent he zygote is fertilized (egg and sperm)

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12
Q

In gastrulation what are the two openings

A

Protostomia clade: mouth forms in the first opening then anus
Deuterstomia clade: Anus forms first in the first opening then mouth forms in the second opening

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13
Q

What is the Coelom? What are the three grades?

A

Most tripoblastic animals have a body cavity which is called the coelom (derived form the mesoderm)

Three grades of the coelom
(eu)coelomates: have a body cavity - coelom
psedyocoelomates: have a body cavity that is not derived from the mesoderm - only 2 germ players diploplastic
Acoelomates: lack coelom (no body cavity)

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14
Q

What are the three grades of the coelom

A

Coelomates, pseudocoelomates and acoelomates

(eu)coelomates: have a body cavity - coelom
pseudocoelomates: have a body cavity that is not derived from the mesoderm - only 2 germ players diploplastic
Acoelomates: lack coelom (no body cavity)

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15
Q

(eu)coelomates

A

have a body cavity - coelom, derived from the mesoderm

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16
Q

pseudocoelomates

A

have a body cavity that is not derived from the mesoderm - only 2 germ players diploplastic

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17
Q

Acoelomates

A

lack coelom (no body cavity)

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18
Q

Body segmentation

A

repeating body unit
ex) in humans its the spine

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19
Q

What are the two general groups of animals

A

Invertebrates and vertebrates

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20
Q

Invertebrates

A

lack a backbone

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21
Q

Vertebrates

A

Have a backbone

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22
Q

What group is a Parazoa

A

Parazoa = no true tissues and Phylum Porifera which are spongs has no true tissues

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23
Q

Phylum Porifera

A

Are sponges
Simplest of all animals
Do not have true tissues
usually lack body symmetry and usually marine, although some are found in fresh water
Their flagellated choanocytes filter food from water passing through pores in the body

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24
Q

What’s the name of the clade of which animals have true tissues

A

Eumetazoa

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25
Q

differentiate between Parazoa and Eumetazoa

A

Parazoa are animals that have no true tissues
Eumetazoa are animals that have true tissues

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26
Q

Choanocytes

A

Flagellated tissue thats a part of a sponge that filters food from water passing through pores in the body and have amoebocytes supporting body structure

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27
Q

What animal group has Radial symmetry

A

Cnardians

28
Q

Phylum Cnidaria Characteristics

A

Anemones, Corals and Jellies
Only group with radial symmetry

Two tissue layers - diploblastic
1) Ectoderm forms the epidmeris (covering outside of animal
2) Endoderm forms the gasterodermis (inner most layer)

Mesoglea is the gelatinous substance between the endoderm and ectoderm

Two basic body shapes:
1) polyp
2) Medusa

Have Gastrovascular cavity (contracts like a stomach muscle and can breadown food and create a movement for jelly fish = “swimming movement”)

Radial Symmetry

They have unique stinging cells (cnidocytes which are highly venomous) - used for catching food

29
Q

Compare polyp and Medusa body shapes for Phylum Cnardia

A

Both have a gastrovascular cavity, tentacles for food in water, a stationary body, and both have radial symmetry
However Polyp has the mouth on top and the medusa has the mouth on the bottom

30
Q

What are the two major clades in bilateral symmetry?

A

Tripoblastic (majority of all species)
Two major clades (depends on fate of blastophore)
1) Deutrostomia (two groups: Echinoderms and Chordates)
2) Protostomia (two clades: lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa)

31
Q

Protosomes and name the two major clades

A

Diverse clade
Two major clades within Protostomia
1) Lophotrochozoa - Continuous growth (no contained shell = no limitation for growth)
2) Ecdysozoa - Tough cuticle, stepwise growth (limitation for growth)

Divided based on molecular similarities (some structural)

32
Q

Differentiate between the two major clades in Protosomes/Protostomia

A

Two major clades within Protostomia: Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa
1) Lophotrochozoa - Continuous growth (no contained shell = no limitation for growth)
2) Ecdysozoa - Tough cuticle, stepwise growth (limitation for growth)

33
Q

What groups are in the clade, Lophotrochzoa

A

Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) , Phylum mollusca (molluscs) , Phylum Annelida (annelids)

34
Q

Phylum Platyhelminthes characteristics

A

aka Flatworms
Free living and are also parasitic flatworms
(fluke and tapeworms - dont have mouths they abosrb nutrients, reproduce as much as they can)

Characteristics
Simplest bilaterians with rudimentary cephalization (light sensitive eyespot)
incomplete gut - have gastrovascular cavity
Solid body plan - no cavity - acoelomate

35
Q

Flat worms are an example of what group and major clade?

A

Phylum Platyhelminthes and a part of the clade lophotrochzoa

36
Q

Phylum Mollusca characteristics

A

Include Snail, Slugs and squid

Common features
- muscular foot, mantel, visceral mass and Radula
- body cavity
- open circulatory system

Three major groups
Gasteropods (slugs and snails)
Bivalves (clams, scallops and mussels)
Cephalopods (nautilus, squid and octopus)

37
Q

What are the 3 major groups of Phylum Molluscs?

A

Gasteropods, Bivalves and Cephalopods

38
Q

Phylum Annelida Characteristics

A

Segmented worms

Characteristics
Segmented = repeating body part
Have closed circulatory system (blood remain in body = O2 circulates, dorsal top vessel and ventral bottom vessle)
Dont have functional brains = no complex behaviours

Three groups of Phylum annelida:
Oligochaetes (earthworms)
Polychaetes (marine worms)
Leeches

39
Q

What are the three groups of phylum annelida?

A

Oligochaetes (earth worms), Polychaetes (marine worms), and Leeches

40
Q

What groups are in the clade, Ecydosozoa

A

Phylum Nematodes (round worms) and Phylum Arthopods

41
Q

Phylum Nematoda characteristics

A

round worms
belong to the ecdysozoans

Characteristics
Body covered with cuticle
Clear, touch and flexible body

Complete digestive tract with mouth and anus
Bilateral symmetry
Three tissue layers

Found everywhere
- free living: small intestitial worms
- parasitic can be very large

42
Q

Phylum Athropoda charactertistics

A

Includes Crabs (insects and spiders = Arthopods)

Characteristics
jointed appendages
hard exoskeleton

Segmented body plan with fused in sections for head, throax and abdomnen

Four major gorups
1. Chelicerates (spiders, scorpions, ticks and mites)
2. Millipedes
3. Centipedes
4. Crustaceasn (crabs, lobsters and barnacles)

43
Q

What are the four major groups of phylum athropoda?

A

chelicerates (spiders, scorpions, ticks and mites), centipedes, millipedes and crustaceans (crabs, lobsters and barnacles)

44
Q

Athropods

A

refers to insects (highly successful group b/c there are 1 million species)
**Charactertisics **
* Body segmentation
* an exoskeleton (hardened layer)
* jointed appendages
* flight
* waterproof cuticle and a complex life cycle with short generations and large numbers of offspring

Short lived adult stages with complete and incomplete metamorphosis (off spring has diff appearance from adult)

45
Q

What are the two groups of the clade, Deutrostomia

A

(Blastospore fate: anus formed first)
Echinoderms and Chordates

46
Q

Phylum echinodermata characteristics

A

Characteristics
Part of the bilateral symmetry but some have pentaradial symmetry as well
slow moving or sessile
all marine
have endoskeleton of hard calcium-containing plates under thin skin
water vascular system: water filled canals that branch into extensions called tube feet
ability to regenerate arm lost
have anus and stomach

Three major groups: sea stars, sea urchins and sea cucumbers

47
Q

What are the three major groups of Phylum Echinodermata

A

sea stars. sea urchins and sea cucumbers

48
Q

Defining characteristics of Chordates

A

Notochord (flexible, organ thats supported long treedle roth bwteen digestive tract and nerve cord)
Dorsal hollow nerve chord (ectoderm(
Phyarngeal gill arches/slits
Muscular post anal tail

these charactertistics dont have to be present throughout the entire animals life just as long as they have these 4 charactertisics some point in their life

49
Q

Lacelets and tunicates

A

small invertebrate, fishlike chordates
most ancestral (first group to envolved from common ancestor)
have chordates characteristics in both larvae and adult

do not have a backbone
use pharyngeal slits for suspension feeding

Adult tunicates are stationary attached while tunicate larva is a tadpod-like organism

50
Q

example of Jawless fish

A

Hag fish and lampreys

51
Q

Hagfish and lampreys characteristics

A

have rudimentary vertebrate (early version of vertebrate)
Have a notochord for bodys main support
Lack of hinged jaws

52
Q

Jawed vertebrates

A

Jaws (sharks and rays)
Lungs and derivatives (boney fish)
Lobe fins (lung fish)
Limbs (amphibians)
Amnion (reptiles, birds and mammals)

53
Q

Tetrapods include

A

(Chordates) Amphibians and amniotes

54
Q

Amphibians characteristics

A

tetrapods
Characteristics
vertebrates with four limbs, support on land
The amphibians = dependance on water
moist skin - help with gas exchange
have poison glands in their skin
lay eggs in water - go through metamorphosis

55
Q

Amniotes

A

A part of the group, the chordates and they are Tetrapods

Amniotes reproduce via. amniotic eggs with 4 internal membranes

Amnion = fluid filled sac surrounding the embryo
Yolk sac = rich in nutrients for the developing embryo
Chorion = air diffusion to get O2 and release CO2
Allantois = disposal of metabolic wastes

56
Q

What is the characteristic for complete independance

A

Some animal with a mutation where they have eggs with a shell = complete independance of water
called, amniotic eggs

57
Q

How do amniotes reproduce?

A

through amniotic eggs

58
Q

Reptiles

A

once they lay eggs this resulted in them living on drier land
Which includes, Lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodilians, birds and dinosaurs
- skin is covered with scales, waterproofed with keratin
- obtain O2 using lunds
Ectothermic = absorb external heat rather than generating heat on their own

59
Q

Ectothermic

A

absorb external heat rather than generating heat on their own=

60
Q

Feathered reptiles

A

include birds which are feathered reptiles = adaptation to flight
Endothermic: using heat generated by metabolism to maintain warmth and steady body temperature
Have complex behaviours, especially during mating season
feather used for insulation or courtship display
evolved from a linage of smal two legged dinosaurs call therapods

61
Q

Endothermic

A

use heat generated by metabolism to maintain warmth and steady body temperature

62
Q

Therapods

A

Small two legged dinosaurs - birds evolved from this lineage of dinosaurs

63
Q

Mammals characteristics

A

endothermic amniotes
hair = body insulation
mammary glands = produce milk (provide babys nutrients)
Efficient respiratory and circulatory system = support high rate of metabolism
Teeth = differentiated for many kinds of diets

3 types of mammals that derive from an ancestrial mammal
Monotremes, Marsupials and Etherial

64
Q

Differentiate the 3 types of mammals that derive from an ancestrial mammal

A
  1. Monotremes - egg laying mammals
  2. Marsupials - embryos nurtured by placenta, brief gestation, offspring continue to develop after birth, attach to mother’s nipples (period where they carry the baby = assure survival of offspring, chances where the baby wont fully develop)
  3. Eutherials - give birth to fully developed offsprings, long gestation (offspring have organs needed for survival )
65
Q

What species are humans closely related too

A

Chimpanzee = share common ancestor less than 10,000,000 years ago

66
Q

The primates characteristics

A

Characteristics that allow them to live mroe comfortable and advanced
* limber joints
* grasping hands and feet with flexible digits
* short snout
* forward pointing eyes = enhance depth perception
*
ex) humans have a flexible thumb = advantage compared to other primates, have joints limbs, hands, digits, short snout, eyes facing forward

Bio 1010 exam (9 decks)

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