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Bio 1010 exam > Section 3 Diversity: Animals > Flashcards

Section 3 Diversity: Animals Flashcards

1
Q

What eukaryotic super group do animals belong to

A

Unikonta

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of an animal

A

Ingestive heterotrophs
lack cell walls
Tissue develop from embryonic germ layers
metamorphosis (baby to functional adult)
Directional motion

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3
Q

describe the animals life cycle
What are the stages that are haploid? Diploid?

A

Diplontic life cycle (majority of the life cycle is diploid)

Haploids are eggs and sperm (goes through meiosis)

Diploid stages: Mitosis
- Zygote, embryo (blastula and gastrula), larva (juvenile), Gamete (adult)

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4
Q

What are the general body features of animals

A

True tissue layers
Parazoa (no tissues) vs Eumetazoa (true tissues)

Symmetry
Asymmetry and Radiata vs. Bilateria

Blastophore fate
Protostomia vs. deuterostomia

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5
Q

What are the different symmetry’s of animals
provide an example for each

A

Asymmetry = no symmetry
Radial symmetry = evolved first, several planes of symmetry, one axis and the clade is radiata
ex) sea anemone
Bilateral symmetry = devried after, single plane of symmetry, multiple axes or side, clade is bilateria ex) lobster

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6
Q

Define Cephalization

A

Cephalization allows for the brain to have a space to form and allows the nervous system to form thus give rise to complex behaviour

Cephalization involves
* Formation of the head: Central nervous sytem
* With bilateral symmetry: clustering or neurons (ganglia, brains) and sensory organs
* able complex behaviours

Diff types of animals have diff types of CNS

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7
Q

Gastrulation

A

from the blastula to gastrula (early phase
- opening is the primitive gut = blastophore

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8
Q

blastophore

A

opening to the primitive gut

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9
Q

Blastophore fate involves

A

Gastrulation is from the blastula to gastrula (early phase)
and the blastopore which is the opening is the primitive gut

There are three embryonic tissue layers: Ectoderm, Mesoderm and Endoderm
- Cleavage the rapid cell division occurs when the zygote is fertilizied (egg and sperm)

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10
Q

What are the three embryonic layers

A

(Blastophore fate) ectoderm, Mesoderm and Endoderm

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11
Q

Cleavage

A

rapid cell division whent he zygote is fertilized (egg and sperm)

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12
Q

In gastrulation what are the two openings

A

Protostomia clade: mouth forms in the first opening then anus
Deuterstomia clade: Anus forms first in the first opening then mouth forms in the second opening

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13
Q

What is the Coelom? What are the three grades?

A

Most tripoblastic animals have a body cavity which is called the coelom (derived form the mesoderm)

Three grades of the coelom
(eu)coelomates: have a body cavity - coelom
psedyocoelomates: have a body cavity that is not derived from the mesoderm - only 2 germ players diploplastic
Acoelomates: lack coelom (no body cavity)

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14
Q

What are the three grades of the coelom

A

Coelomates, pseudocoelomates and acoelomates

(eu)coelomates: have a body cavity - coelom
pseudocoelomates: have a body cavity that is not derived from the mesoderm - only 2 germ players diploplastic
Acoelomates: lack coelom (no body cavity)

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15
Q

(eu)coelomates

A

have a body cavity - coelom, derived from the mesoderm

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16
Q

pseudocoelomates

A

have a body cavity that is not derived from the mesoderm - only 2 germ players diploplastic

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17
Q

Acoelomates

A

lack coelom (no body cavity)

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18
Q

Body segmentation

A

repeating body unit
ex) in humans its the spine

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19
Q

What are the two general groups of animals

A

Invertebrates and vertebrates

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20
Q

Invertebrates

A

lack a backbone

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21
Q

Vertebrates

A

Have a backbone

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22
Q

What group is a Parazoa

A

Parazoa = no true tissues and Phylum Porifera which are spongs has no true tissues

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23
Q

Phylum Porifera

A

Are sponges
Simplest of all animals
Do not have true tissues
usually lack body symmetry and usually marine, although some are found in fresh water
Their flagellated choanocytes filter food from water passing through pores in the body

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24
Q

What’s the name of the clade of which animals have true tissues

A

Eumetazoa

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25
differentiate between Parazoa and Eumetazoa
Parazoa are animals that have no true tissues Eumetazoa are animals that have true tissues
26
Choanocytes
Flagellated tissue thats a part of a sponge that filters food from water passing through pores in the body and have amoebocytes supporting body structure
27
What animal group has Radial symmetry
Cnardians
28
Phylum Cnidaria Characteristics
Anemones, Corals and Jellies Only group with radial symmetry Two tissue layers - diploblastic 1) Ectoderm forms the epidmeris (covering outside of animal 2) Endoderm forms the gasterodermis (inner most layer) Mesoglea is the gelatinous substance between the endoderm and ectoderm Two basic body shapes: 1) polyp 2) Medusa Have Gastrovascular cavity (contracts like a stomach muscle and can breadown food and create a movement for jelly fish = "swimming movement") Radial Symmetry They have unique stinging cells (cnidocytes which are highly venomous) - used for catching food
29
Compare polyp and Medusa body shapes for Phylum Cnardia
Both have a gastrovascular cavity, tentacles for food in water, a stationary body, and both have radial symmetry However Polyp has the mouth on top and the medusa has the mouth on the bottom
30
What are the two major clades in bilateral symmetry?
Tripoblastic (majority of all species) Two major clades (depends on fate of blastophore) 1) Deutrostomia (two groups: Echinoderms and Chordates) 2) Protostomia (two clades: lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa)
31
Protosomes and name the two major clades
Diverse clade Two major clades within Protostomia 1) Lophotrochozoa - Continuous growth (no contained shell = no limitation for growth) 2) Ecdysozoa - Tough cuticle, stepwise growth (limitation for growth) Divided based on molecular similarities (some structural)
32
Differentiate between the two major clades in Protosomes/Protostomia
Two major clades within Protostomia: Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa 1) Lophotrochozoa - Continuous growth (no contained shell = no limitation for growth) 2) Ecdysozoa - Tough cuticle, stepwise growth (limitation for growth)
33
What groups are in the clade, Lophotrochzoa
Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) , Phylum mollusca (molluscs) , Phylum Annelida (annelids)
34
Phylum Platyhelminthes characteristics
aka Flatworms Free living and are also parasitic flatworms (fluke and tapeworms - dont have mouths they abosrb nutrients, reproduce as much as they can) Characteristics Simplest bilaterians with rudimentary cephalization (light sensitive eyespot) incomplete gut - have gastrovascular cavity Solid body plan - no cavity - acoelomate
35
Flat worms are an example of what group and major clade?
Phylum Platyhelminthes and a part of the clade lophotrochzoa
36
Phylum Mollusca characteristics
Include Snail, Slugs and squid Common features - muscular foot, mantel, visceral mass and Radula - body cavity - open circulatory system Three major groups Gasteropods (slugs and snails) Bivalves (clams, scallops and mussels) Cephalopods (nautilus, squid and octopus)
37
What are the 3 major groups of Phylum Molluscs?
Gasteropods, Bivalves and Cephalopods
38
Phylum Annelida Characteristics
Segmented worms Characteristics Segmented = repeating body part Have closed circulatory system (blood remain in body = O2 circulates, dorsal top vessel and ventral bottom vessle) Dont have functional brains = no complex behaviours Three groups of Phylum annelida: Oligochaetes (earthworms) Polychaetes (marine worms) Leeches
39
What are the three groups of phylum annelida?
Oligochaetes (earth worms), Polychaetes (marine worms), and Leeches
40
What groups are in the clade, Ecydosozoa
Phylum Nematodes (round worms) and Phylum Arthopods
41
Phylum Nematoda characteristics
round worms belong to the ecdysozoans Characteristics Body covered with cuticle Clear, touch and flexible body Complete digestive tract with mouth and anus Bilateral symmetry Three tissue layers Found everywhere - free living: small intestitial worms - parasitic can be very large
42
Phylum Athropoda charactertistics
Includes Crabs (insects and spiders = Arthopods) Characteristics jointed appendages hard exoskeleton Segmented body plan with fused in sections for head, throax and abdomnen Four major gorups 1. Chelicerates (spiders, scorpions, ticks and mites) 2. Millipedes 3. Centipedes 4. Crustaceasn (crabs, lobsters and barnacles)
43
What are the four major groups of phylum athropoda?
chelicerates (spiders, scorpions, ticks and mites), centipedes, millipedes and crustaceans (crabs, lobsters and barnacles)
44
Athropods
refers to insects (highly successful group b/c there are 1 million species) **Charactertisics ** * Body segmentation * an exoskeleton (hardened layer) * jointed appendages * flight * waterproof cuticle and a complex life cycle with short generations and large numbers of offspring Short lived adult stages with complete and incomplete metamorphosis (off spring has diff appearance from adult)
45
What are the two groups of the clade, Deutrostomia
(Blastospore fate: anus formed first) Echinoderms and Chordates
46
Phylum echinodermata characteristics
Characteristics Part of the bilateral symmetry but some have pentaradial symmetry as well slow moving or sessile all marine have endoskeleton of hard calcium-containing plates under thin skin water vascular system: water filled canals that branch into extensions called tube feet ability to regenerate arm lost have anus and stomach Three major groups: sea stars, sea urchins and sea cucumbers
47
What are the three major groups of Phylum Echinodermata
sea stars. sea urchins and sea cucumbers
48
Defining characteristics of Chordates
Notochord (flexible, organ thats supported long treedle roth bwteen digestive tract and nerve cord) Dorsal hollow nerve chord (ectoderm( Phyarngeal gill arches/slits Muscular post anal tail these charactertistics dont have to be present throughout the entire animals life just as long as they have these 4 charactertisics some point in their life
49
Lacelets and tunicates
small invertebrate, fishlike chordates most ancestral (first group to envolved from common ancestor) have chordates characteristics in both larvae and adult do not have a backbone use pharyngeal slits for suspension feeding Adult tunicates are stationary attached while tunicate larva is a tadpod-like organism
50
example of Jawless fish
Hag fish and lampreys
51
Hagfish and lampreys characteristics
have rudimentary vertebrate (early version of vertebrate) Have a notochord for bodys main support Lack of hinged jaws
52
Jawed vertebrates
Jaws (sharks and rays) Lungs and derivatives (boney fish) Lobe fins (lung fish) Limbs (amphibians) Amnion (reptiles, birds and mammals)
53
Tetrapods include
(Chordates) Amphibians and amniotes
54
Amphibians characteristics
tetrapods Characteristics vertebrates with four limbs, support on land The amphibians = dependance on water moist skin - help with gas exchange have poison glands in their skin lay eggs in water - go through metamorphosis
55
Amniotes
A part of the group, the chordates and they are Tetrapods Amniotes reproduce via. amniotic eggs with 4 internal membranes Amnion = fluid filled sac surrounding the embryo Yolk sac = rich in nutrients for the developing embryo Chorion = air diffusion to get O2 and release CO2 Allantois = disposal of metabolic wastes
56
What is the characteristic for complete independance
Some animal with a mutation where they have eggs with a shell = complete independance of water called, amniotic eggs
57
How do amniotes reproduce?
through amniotic eggs
58
Reptiles
once they lay eggs this resulted in them living on drier land Which includes, Lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodilians, birds and dinosaurs - skin is covered with scales, waterproofed with keratin - obtain O2 using lunds Ectothermic = absorb external heat rather than generating heat on their own
59
Ectothermic
absorb external heat rather than generating heat on their own=
60
Feathered reptiles
include birds which are feathered reptiles = adaptation to flight Endothermic: using heat generated by metabolism to maintain warmth and steady body temperature Have complex behaviours, especially during mating season feather used for insulation or courtship display evolved from a linage of smal two legged dinosaurs call therapods
61
Endothermic
use heat generated by metabolism to maintain warmth and steady body temperature
62
Therapods
Small two legged dinosaurs - birds evolved from this lineage of dinosaurs
63
Mammals characteristics
endothermic amniotes hair = body insulation mammary glands = produce milk (provide babys nutrients) Efficient respiratory and circulatory system = support high rate of metabolism Teeth = differentiated for many kinds of diets 3 types of mammals that derive from an ancestrial mammal Monotremes, Marsupials and Etherial
64
Differentiate the 3 types of mammals that derive from an ancestrial mammal
1. Monotremes - egg laying mammals 2. Marsupials - embryos nurtured by placenta, brief gestation, offspring continue to develop after birth, attach to mother's nipples (period where they carry the baby = assure survival of offspring, chances where the baby wont fully develop) 3. Eutherials - give birth to fully developed offsprings, long gestation (offspring have organs needed for survival )
65
What species are humans closely related too
Chimpanzee = share common ancestor less than 10,000,000 years ago
66
The primates characteristics
Characteristics that allow them to live mroe comfortable and advanced * limber joints * grasping hands and feet with flexible digits * short snout * forward pointing eyes = enhance depth perception * ex) humans have a flexible thumb = advantage compared to other primates, have joints limbs, hands, digits, short snout, eyes facing forward

Bio 1010 exam (9 decks)

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