Section 3.1.3.1.2 INDUSTRIAL& POST INDUSTRIAL 1780-1900

Question 1

Amateurs characteristics;

gentleman

Answer 1

1. upper/middle class (high status) = wealthy
2. lots of free time
3. played for love = no training
4. high morals(take part, fair play, sportsmanship)
5. top performers
6. controllers of sport

-set up competitors exclusive and set up clubs and placed bets on professionals (memberships)

Question 2

6 working class Professionals characteristics:

Answer 2

1. lowest status
2. poor (open to bribes/cheating)
3. paid to play - winning most important
4. committed to train = perform well
5. low morals want to win
6. little free time

Question 3

Gentleman amateur

Answer 3

Wealthy people who were not paid to play an just played for the love of it 
Upper class with lots of money

Question 4

Professional

Answer 4

Working class people who were paid to play and had very little free time and were committed to training

Question 5

Positive impacts of amateurism

Answer 5

• develop code of amateurism (set rules)
• formed NGBs
• adhered to code of ethics = high morals
• middle class admired/looked up to and played by simple moral principals
• sport was focused on love of it not money

Question 6

4 Positive impacts of professionalism

Answer 6

1-standard of performance improve
2‘rags to riches’ payed to play & broken time payments
3avenue of social mobility
4 factories employe based on sporting talent

Question 7

Broken time payments

Answer 7

Being payed even when not playing/resting

Question 8

industrial revolution

Answer 8

• rapid development of industry that occurred in Britain in the late 18th-19th century (use of steam power)
• intro of machinery, growth of factories, mass production of manufactured goods

Question 9

9 social and cultural factors affecting emergence of sport in this era: (influenced development of rationalised sport in late 19th century)

Answer 9

1. Changing role of women
2. Class system and performers
3. Education
4. The church
5. Transport and communication
6. NGBs
7. Urbanisation
8. Public schools and British empire
9. Industrial revolution and provision through factories

-emergence of urban middle class (factory teams, time off work to play & watch sport = early development of professionals)

Question 10

Industrial revolution negative impacts on sport

Answer 10

• reduced no of people of countryside = less space (factories) for mob football
• factory conditions = poor health = couldn’t take part
• lack of income = limited free time - due to long working hours

Question 11

Industrial revolution positive impacts on sport

Answer 11

• factory owners = own teams - workers competed against other factory teams
• broken time payments (payed if sick)
• half day Saturday
• sport facilities - provided by factory owners
• towns/cities - law and order reduced violence

Question 12

Urbanisation

Answer 12

• more spectatorship due to: free time, space for to watch, larger working population (spectators=working class), need to be entertain
• purpose built facilities - less space from factories = rural areas occupied (created factory owners)

Question 13

Transport

Answer 13

• travel further afield = organised and regular
• literate = understand rules= papers for results
• reporting of sporting icons = +ve influence sport
• spectators = follow team & watch them compete

Question 14

Changing role/status of women

Answer 14

• pre industrial = no women
• still limited only present in certain sport (limited sports available)
• lawn tennis - long clothing modest perform in ladylike fashion

Question 15

Class system

Answer 15

Middle class: factory owners/business men, work hard-wealth

• related to lower class, half day Saturday -more time
• organised competitions and leagues
• built specialised facilites
• some payed best athletes to compete

Question 16

The Church

Answer 16

• social control,
• civilised society
• promoted Christian values
• use of facilities = attendance at Church services
• church formed own teams = use grounds

Question 17

Education

Answer 17

• initially limited to upper & middle class
• all had access to school = rules and increased literacy and general education
• increased ability to understand and develop codes for sports
• schools/unis learn discipline and ethics =transferred to sport that are civilised and fair

Question 18

Public schools and universities and British Empire

Answer 18

-public school = upper/middle class
-headmasters promote sport = social control = outlet for energy & taught lessons to control boys behaviour
-sportsmanship
-‘cult of athleticism’ = strong morals endeavours (Track, field, rugby)
set up NGBs =promoted sport they played = form of national league & competitions across British empire

Question 19

4 reasons why NGBs formed ?

Answer 19

1-need codified rules = increased popularity
2-increased teams
3-increased fixtures and leagues
4-control amateur status of sport (stop being too commercialised)

Question 20

Rugby Union & League

Answer 20

Union = amateur

League = professional

Question 21

Lower class professionals

Answer 21

• poor
• long hrs &; low wage
• paid to play = earnt a living
• train hard
• low morals = winning most important
• corruptible = bribes

Question 22

Middle class amateurs

Answer 22

• wealthy
• lots of free time = used it to play sport
• valued the gentlemen amateur values

Question 23

Upper class amateurs

Answer 23

• wealthy
• lots of free time
• High morals
• no training
• played for love of it
• sportsmanship

Question 24

Industrial

Answer 24

Rational recreation

Question 25

6 characteristics of rational recreation

Answer 25

1-organised (structured competition = regular) 2-formal rules (codification/NGBs) 3-highly skilled -> skills tactics based 4-respectability (non violent, fair play) 5-referees 6-purpose built facilities