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Personal Trainer > SECTION 3 gpt > Flashcards

SECTION 3 gpt Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three systems included in the human movement system?

A

Nervous, skeletal, and muscular systems.

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2
Q

What information does the nervous system provide?

A

Sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) information.

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3
Q

What is the functional unit of the nervous system?

A

Neuron.

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4
Q

What are the two divisions of the nervous system?

A

CNS (brain and spinal cord) and PNS (somatic and autonomic).

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5
Q

What are the types of sensory receptors in the PNS?

A

Mechanoreceptors, nociceptors, chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors.

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6
Q

What are the two important mechanoreceptors in the PNS?

A

Muscle spindle and Golgi tendon organ.

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7
Q

What are the two subdivisions of the PNS?

A

Somatic and autonomic nervous systems.

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8
Q

What electrolytes are required for proper nervous system function?

A

Sodium, potassium, magnesium, and water.

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9
Q

What are the three stages of motor skill development?

A

Cognitive, associative, and autonomous.

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10
Q

How does the nervous system develop over time?

A

From childhood to adulthood.

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11
Q

What is the role of the skeletal system?

A

Provides support for the body and protects internal organs.

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12
Q

What are the two divisions of the skeletal system?

A

Axial and appendicular.

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13
Q

What role do bones play in movement?

A

Act as attachment sites and levers for movement.

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14
Q

What cells are involved in bone growth and remodeling?

A

Osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

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15
Q

What are the five categories of bones?

A

Long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid.

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16
Q

What are the regions of the vertebral column?

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, and coccyx.

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17
Q

What is the function of intervertebral discs?

A

Act as shock absorbers and assist with movement.

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18
Q

How are joints categorized?

A

By shape, structure, and function.

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19
Q

What is the difference between osteokinematic and arthrokinematic movements?

A

Osteokinematic describes bone movement, while arthrokinematic describes joint surface movement.

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20
Q

What are the six classifications of synovial joints?

A

Gliding, condyloid, hinge, saddle, pivot, and ball-and-socket.

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21
Q

What links the nervous and skeletal systems and generates force for movement?

A

Muscular system.

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22
Q

What are the components of muscle structure?

A

Myofibrils, sarcomeres, actin, myosin, and connective tissues.

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23
Q

What is the sliding filament theory?

A

The process of muscle contraction involving actin and myosin.

24
Q

What describes the steps in the muscle contraction process?

A

Excitation-contraction coupling.

25
Q

What electrolyte and neurotransmitter are involved in excitation-contraction coupling?

A

Calcium and acetylcholine.

26
Q

What does the all-or-nothing principle describe?

A

How a motor unit either maximally contracts or does not contract at all.

27
Q

What is the difference between fine and gross motor skills?

A

Fine motor skills involve motor units with fewer innervated fibers, while gross motor skills involve motor units with more innervated fibers.

28
Q

What are the characteristics of Type I muscle fibers?

A

Small in size, produce less force, and are fatigue resistant.

29
Q

What are the characteristics of Type II muscle fibers?

A

Larger in size, produce more force, and fatigue quickly.

30
Q

What are the components of the cardiorespiratory system?

A

Heart, blood, blood vessels, and lungs.

31
Q

What are the heart chambers?

A

Atria and ventricles.

32
Q

How does heart rate respond to exercise and sleep?

A

Increases during exercise and decreases during sleep.

33
Q

What is the function of the sinoatrial (SA) node?

A

Initiates an electrical signal that causes the heart to beat.

34
Q

What is the function of the atrioventricular (AV) node?

A

Delays the impulse from the SA node before allowing it to pass to the ventricles.

35
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each contraction.

36
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The volume of blood pumped out of the heart in a minute (heart rate x stroke volume).

37
Q

What is normal blood pressure?

A

Systolic less than 120 mm Hg and diastolic less than 80 mm Hg.

38
Q

What are the functions of arteries, veins, and capillaries?

A

Arteries transport blood away from the heart, veins transport blood back to the heart, and capillaries function as an exchange channel between vessels and bodily tissues.

39
Q

What are the components of the respiratory system?

A

Respiratory airways, lungs, and respiratory muscles.

40
Q

What are normal and abnormal breathing patterns?

A

Normal: 12 to 16 breaths per minute; Abnormal: less than 8 breaths per minute (bradypnea), greater than 24 breaths per minute (tachypnea).

41
Q

What is the endocrine system comprised of?

A

Glands that secrete hormones.

42
Q

What is the role of insulin and glucagon?

A

Insulin aids in cellular uptake and storage of glucose, while glucagon aids in the metabolism of glucose.

43
Q

What are the catecholamines?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine.

44
Q

What is the role of cortisol?

A

Aids in recovery from exercise and is a marker of overtraining.

45
Q

What are the components of the digestive system?

A

Oral cavity, upper GI system, lower GI tract, liver, gall bladder, and pancreas.

46
Q

What are the energy sources for ATP production?

A

Glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, and ketone bodies.

47
Q

What are the three energy pathways?

A

ATP-PC pathway, glycolysis, and oxidative phosphorylation.

48
Q

What factors affect energy use during exercise?

A

Intensity and duration.

49
Q

What are the components of energy expenditure?

A

Resting metabolic rate (RMR), thermic effect of food (TEF), nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT), and exercise activity thermogenesis (EAT).

50
Q

What are the macronutrients?

A

Protein, carbohydrates, and lipids.

51
Q

What is the RDA and AMDR for protein?

A

RDA: 0.8 g/kg body weight; AMDR: 10% to 35% of total calories.

52
Q

What are the types of carbohydrates?

A

Simple sugars, complex carbohydrates, glycogen, and fiber.

53
Q

What are the sources of lipids?

A

Triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols.

54
Q

What are the fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins?

A

Fat-soluble: Vitamins A, D, E, K; Water-soluble: Vitamin C and B vitamins.

55
Q

What are the fluid recommendations for the general population?

A

Approximately 11.5 cups per day (2.7 L) for women and approximately 15.5 cups per day (3.7 L) for men.

56
Q

What are the hydration guidelines for athletes?

A

12–16 oz of fluid every 10–15 minutes for activities longer than 60 minutes, replacing fluid at 1.25 times the amount of body weight lost during an event.

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