SECTION 3 gpt Flashcards
What are the three systems included in the human movement system?
Nervous, skeletal, and muscular systems.
What information does the nervous system provide?
Sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) information.
What is the functional unit of the nervous system?
Neuron.
What are the two divisions of the nervous system?
CNS (brain and spinal cord) and PNS (somatic and autonomic).
What are the types of sensory receptors in the PNS?
Mechanoreceptors, nociceptors, chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors.
What are the two important mechanoreceptors in the PNS?
Muscle spindle and Golgi tendon organ.
What are the two subdivisions of the PNS?
Somatic and autonomic nervous systems.
What electrolytes are required for proper nervous system function?
Sodium, potassium, magnesium, and water.
What are the three stages of motor skill development?
Cognitive, associative, and autonomous.
How does the nervous system develop over time?
From childhood to adulthood.
What is the role of the skeletal system?
Provides support for the body and protects internal organs.
What are the two divisions of the skeletal system?
Axial and appendicular.
What role do bones play in movement?
Act as attachment sites and levers for movement.
What cells are involved in bone growth and remodeling?
Osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
What are the five categories of bones?
Long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid.
What are the regions of the vertebral column?
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, and coccyx.
What is the function of intervertebral discs?
Act as shock absorbers and assist with movement.
How are joints categorized?
By shape, structure, and function.
What is the difference between osteokinematic and arthrokinematic movements?
Osteokinematic describes bone movement, while arthrokinematic describes joint surface movement.
What are the six classifications of synovial joints?
Gliding, condyloid, hinge, saddle, pivot, and ball-and-socket.
What links the nervous and skeletal systems and generates force for movement?
Muscular system.
What are the components of muscle structure?
Myofibrils, sarcomeres, actin, myosin, and connective tissues.
What is the sliding filament theory?
The process of muscle contraction involving actin and myosin.
What describes the steps in the muscle contraction process?
Excitation-contraction coupling.
What electrolyte and neurotransmitter are involved in excitation-contraction coupling?
Calcium and acetylcholine.
What does the all-or-nothing principle describe?
How a motor unit either maximally contracts or does not contract at all.
What is the difference between fine and gross motor skills?
Fine motor skills involve motor units with fewer innervated fibers, while gross motor skills involve motor units with more innervated fibers.
What are the characteristics of Type I muscle fibers?
Small in size, produce less force, and are fatigue resistant.
What are the characteristics of Type II muscle fibers?
Larger in size, produce more force, and fatigue quickly.
What are the components of the cardiorespiratory system?
Heart, blood, blood vessels, and lungs.
What are the heart chambers?
Atria and ventricles.
How does heart rate respond to exercise and sleep?
Increases during exercise and decreases during sleep.
What is the function of the sinoatrial (SA) node?
Initiates an electrical signal that causes the heart to beat.
What is the function of the atrioventricular (AV) node?
Delays the impulse from the SA node before allowing it to pass to the ventricles.
What is stroke volume?
The amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each contraction.
What is cardiac output?
The volume of blood pumped out of the heart in a minute (heart rate x stroke volume).
What is normal blood pressure?
Systolic less than 120 mm Hg and diastolic less than 80 mm Hg.
What are the functions of arteries, veins, and capillaries?
Arteries transport blood away from the heart, veins transport blood back to the heart, and capillaries function as an exchange channel between vessels and bodily tissues.
What are the components of the respiratory system?
Respiratory airways, lungs, and respiratory muscles.
What are normal and abnormal breathing patterns?
Normal: 12 to 16 breaths per minute; Abnormal: less than 8 breaths per minute (bradypnea), greater than 24 breaths per minute (tachypnea).
What is the endocrine system comprised of?
Glands that secrete hormones.
What is the role of insulin and glucagon?
Insulin aids in cellular uptake and storage of glucose, while glucagon aids in the metabolism of glucose.
What are the catecholamines?
Epinephrine and norepinephrine.
What is the role of cortisol?
Aids in recovery from exercise and is a marker of overtraining.
What are the components of the digestive system?
Oral cavity, upper GI system, lower GI tract, liver, gall bladder, and pancreas.
What are the energy sources for ATP production?
Glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, and ketone bodies.
What are the three energy pathways?
ATP-PC pathway, glycolysis, and oxidative phosphorylation.
What factors affect energy use during exercise?
Intensity and duration.
What are the components of energy expenditure?
Resting metabolic rate (RMR), thermic effect of food (TEF), nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT), and exercise activity thermogenesis (EAT).
What are the macronutrients?
Protein, carbohydrates, and lipids.
What is the RDA and AMDR for protein?
RDA: 0.8 g/kg body weight; AMDR: 10% to 35% of total calories.
What are the types of carbohydrates?
Simple sugars, complex carbohydrates, glycogen, and fiber.
What are the sources of lipids?
Triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols.
What are the fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins?
Fat-soluble: Vitamins A, D, E, K; Water-soluble: Vitamin C and B vitamins.
What are the fluid recommendations for the general population?
Approximately 11.5 cups per day (2.7 L) for women and approximately 15.5 cups per day (3.7 L) for men.
What are the hydration guidelines for athletes?
12–16 oz of fluid every 10–15 minutes for activities longer than 60 minutes, replacing fluid at 1.25 times the amount of body weight lost during an event.
