Section 21 Flashcards
leading cause of death among children and adults under the age of 46 years; leading cause of non– obstetric- related morbidity and mortality in pregnant women
trauma
second only to maternal death as the most common cause of fetal death
placental abruption
most sensitive clinical finding for placental abruption after trauma
uterine irritability (more than three uterine contractions per hour)
In trauma the most frequently missed conditions
orthopedic
most common cause of fatal and nonfatal injury in people ≥ 65 years
falls
most common fracture in elders hospitalized for injury
hip fracture
most common injuries in hip fracture
Pubic ramus fractures
most common mechanism of hip fracture
lateral compression
second most common cause of injury in the elderly and are the leading cause of death, with a case fatality rate twice that of those under 65 years
MVC
second leading cause of traumatic death in the home in older adults
burns
most common in the thoracolumbar spine (most common in T12-L1 and T7-T8) in elderly
Anterior wedge compression fractures
most common fractures in women up to age 75
Distal radius fractures (Colles’ fractures)
most important determinants of morbidity and mortality in head injury
The volume of intracranial blood and hematoma expansion
Ultimate goal in trauma of the elderly
return the elderly trauma patient to the preinjury state of function
primary cause of blunt head injury in young adults and children
Motor vehicle collisions
most common CT abnormality in patients with moderate to severe TBI
Traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage
middle meningeal arterial disruption is the primary mechanism of injury
Epidural hematoma
shaken baby syndrome is a well-described cause of
Diffuse axonal injury
most common thoracic fracture
Simple wedge (compression) fracture
most common cause of Brown-Sequard Syndrome
Penetrating injury
Most common fractures secondary to trauma to the face
nasal bone, followed by orbital floor, zygomaticomaxillary, maxillary sinuses, and mandibular ramus
second most common facial fracture after nasal fractures
Mandible fractures
preferred method of airway management in trauma
Rapid- sequence intubation
proximate cause of death in most penetrating neck injury
Exsanguination
most common cervical injury and the leading cause of death from penetrating neck trauma
Vascular injuries
the most rapidly fatal injury in blunt neck injury
Airway occlusion
neck zone that is the most commonly injured area and is easily accessed surgically
zone II
most common cause of blunt neck trauma
Road traffic accidents
In all forms of strangulation, death is ultimately due to
cerebral anoxia and ischemia
the third leading cause of death in polytrauma
thoracic trauma
Most frequent symptoms of thoracic trauma
chest pain and shortness of breath
Most common cause of pulmonary contusions
compression-decompression injury to the chest
most common cause of hemothorax
Bleeding from direct lung injury
Most common sites in aspiration in trauma
right middle and lower lung fields
most common bony injuries in chest trauma
Rib fractures
high rates of involvement of cardiac structures due to penetrating injuries
right ventricle, left ventricle, right atrium, and left atrium are approximately 40%, 35%, 20%, and 5%, respectively
most common mechanism responsible for most blunt cardiac injury followed by a direct blow to the precordium
Rapid deceleration
Most common symptom of blunt cardiac trauma
chest pain
Most common reported blunt injury
“myocardial or cardiac contusion”
most devastating blunt cardiac injury
cardiac rupture
second most common cause of death in youth athletics following hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy.
Commotio Cordis
most often involved in trauma cardiac valves
aortic valve
most common artery in cardiac trauma
left anterior descending artery
most commonly injured part of the aorta in blunt trauma
Proximal descending aorta
most common dysrhythmia in cardiac trauma
sinus tachycardia, followed by atrial fibrillation
most frequently injured intra- abdominal organ from sports accidents.
spleen
most common mechanism for blunt abdominal trauma
motor vehicle collision
second in frequency as causes of blunt trauma
falls
the primary cause of blunt testicular injuries
impingement of the testicles against the symphysis pubis
Two most commonly injured blood vessels
femoral and popliteal vessels
two most common causes of penetrating trauma
Gunshot and knife wounds
most common brain herniation syndrome
Uncal Transtentorial
most frequently occurs when the anterior neck strikes the steering wheel or dashboard in an automobile accident
Cervical tracheal injuries
most common causes for penetrating injuries in the genitourinary trauma
Gunshot wounds and stab wounds
overall the most commonly injured region of the spinal column
Cervical spine
second most common region of injury of spinal column
Thoracolumbar transition zone (T11 to L2)
