Section 12 Flashcards
most common cause of pediatric cardiac arrest
respiratory failure
most commonly used for ventilation
Self-inflating bag-valve mask system
most important factor determining the type of transport
Team availability and skill level
Most important in the resuscitation of neonates
rapid establishment of effective ventilation and determining the heart rate before initiating CPR
most readily available site for venous access in the newborn
umbilical vein
most common type of TEF
Esophageal atresia with a distal tracheoesophageal fistula
most common rhythms seen in pediatric arrest
Bradycardias
number one cause of death in children >4 years old
Motor traffic-related injury
most commonly injured solid organ
spleen
the second leading cause of death in abused children
Abdominal trauma
second most commonly injured solid organ/s
liver and kidney
most common injury in blunt chest trauma in children (evolve 4 to 6 hours after injury)
Pulmonary contusions
most common fracture in the thoracolumbar spine and are usually stable and managed non-operatively
Compression fractures
most common neurologic deficits among pediatric cervical spine injury patients
Sensory symptoms
most common complaint following mild traumatic brain injury, with an onset within 7 days of the initial injury, and can be acute or persistent in nature
headache
Strongest and most consistent predictor of slower recovery in concussion
severity of symptoms during the first few days following injury
most common mechanism of cervical spine injuries
Motor vehicle crashes
second most common mechanism of cervical spine injuries
falls
most cost-effective modality for imaging the cervical spine in adults
CT
modality of choice for the diagnosis and evaluation of children with focal neurologic deficits on exam or those who report persistent severe cervical spine pain with normal plain radiographs
MRI
narrowest point of the child’s trachea
cricoid ring
most common complication of IO
Extravasation at the insertion site
most commonly accessed site of IO 2 cm inferior (distal) to the tibial tuberosity
Anteromedial proximal tibia
most valid and reliable tool and is recommended especially for children who do not have the ability to serially numerate
Faces Pain Scale–Revised
most frequently used self-report measure of pain intensity in older children and adults with acute pain.
Verbal numeric rating scale
most commonly used benzodiazepine for procedural sedation or anxiolysis in children
midazolam
most common cause of neonatal cardiorespiratory distress
Neonatal sepsis
most common site of infection in neonates
lungs
most common cause of stridor in neonates
laryngomalacia
most common surgically correctible cause of vomiting in newborns
Pyloric stenosis
the most critical electrolyte disturbance in DKA
Change in the serum potassium level
most common explanations for ALTE or BRUE
Gastroesophageal reflux
leading cause of death for infants between 1 month and 1 year of age
SIDS
most common serious bacterial illness
UTI with or without pyelonephritis
overall are the most frequent cause of fever in infant
viral infections
most common cause of hyponatremia
SIADH from brain inflammation
third most common diagnosis for ED visits in children under 15 years old
otitis media
Most common acute complication of AOM
tympanic membrane perforation
most common risk factor of AOM
hyperhydration and maceration of the epithelial layer lining the canal
most common infectious cause of ophthalmia neonatorum
Conjunctivitis due to Chlamydia trachomatis
most common presenting signs of Retinoblastoma
leukocoria and strabismus
most common pathogen of acute bacterial sinusitis
Streptococcus pneumoniae
most common form of recurrent oral ulcers
Aphthous ulcers (canker sores)
Hand-foot-and-mouth disease is most commonly caused by
Coxsackievirus A16
most common presentation of primary herpes infection during 6 months to 5 years of age
Acute herpetic gingivostomatitis
best known acute clinical manifestation of Epstein-Barr virus infection
Viral Pharyngitis (EBV)
most commonly occurring form of acute bacterial pharyngitis for which antibiotic therapy is indicated
GABHS pharyngitis
most commonly injured teeth are the maxillary central incisors
Dental trauma
most common childhood malignancy of the head and neck
Lymphoma
“the worst sore throat”
Peritonsillar abscess
most common culprits of oropharyngeal trauma
toothpick
most frequent cause of wheezing in infants; most common lower respiratory tract infection in infants and children ≤2 years of age
Bronchiolitis
most frequent cause of wheezing in children (>2yo) and adolescents
Asthma
most common lower respiratory tract infection in infants and children ≤2 years of age; leading cause for hospitalization in children <1 year of age; most common cause is respiratory syncytial virus
bronchiolitis
most commonly detected cause of pneumonia in children
Viruses
most common bacterial cause of community-acquired pneumonia
S. pneumonia
most common cyanotic congenital heart disease manifesting in the postinfancy period
TOF
most common cyanotic heart lesion manifesting in the newborn period
Transposition of the great arteries
Single most important therapeutic intervention for duct-dependent lesions
infusion of IV prostaglandin E1
most common form of aortic stenosis
Bicuspid aortic valve
most common congenital heart defect
VSD
most common cause of heart transplantation in children older than 1 year of age
Cardiomyopathies
most common type of syncope in children
Neurocardiogenic syncope
Most common pediatric autonomic disorder
Riley-Day Syndrome
most common in children with congenital heart disease after heart surgery
Atrioventricular block
most common form of ventricular preexcitation in children
WPW Syndrome
most common cause of fluid and electrolyte abnormalities in children
Dehydration
most common form of dehydration
Isonatremic dehydration
most common cause of hypernatremia in children.
diarrhea
most common intragenic complication of IV fluid therapy
Hyponatremia
most commonly occurs secondary to profuse vomiting and/or diarrhea
Hypokalemia
most common manifestation of hyperkalemia
Cardiac conduction delay
most common cause of hypocalcemia
dietary deficiency and chronic renal failure
most common cause of hypercalcemia
malignancy involving the lymphoreticular system
most common cause of abdominal pain in children of all ages
Gastroenteritis
most common cause of acute intestinal obstruction in children under 2 years of age
Intussusception
most common surgical emergency in children
appendicitis
most common cause of severe UGI bleeding in children
Variceal bleeding
most common serious bacterial infections in young children
Pediatric urinary tract infections (UTIs)
most common cause of UTI in children
E. coli
most common cause of painless scrotal swelling in children
Hydrocele
most common cause of priapism in children
sickle cell disease
best position for examining the vestibule and hymen
Frog-legged position
best position for examining the perianal area and the vaginal vault
Knee-chest position
the most common vaginal foreign body in prepubertal females
toilet paper
most common physical exam finding in nephrotic syndrome
Edema
most common symptom of glomerulonephritis
hematuria
most common single cause of glomerulonephritis worldwide
Ig A nephropathy
most common cause of chronic renal failure in young children
Congenital renal disease
most common cause of chronic renal failure in older children
glomerulonephritis and reflux nephropathy
most common type of pediatric seizure
Febrile seizures
most common condition that may be mistaken for seizures
Syncope
most often identified inflicted intracranial injury in abused infants
Subdural hematoma
most important tool to distinguish benign from life-threatening headaches
Physical examination
most common primary headache disorder; most common non–life-threatening headache
Migraine
Most common aura symptoms
lightheadedness and visual changes (scotoma and scintillations)
most common location of brain tumors in children
Posterior fossa
most common elbow fracture in children
Supracondylar fracture
“pointing finger sign” indicates injury to
anterior interosseous nerve
leading cause of anemia in childhood
IDA
most common cancers in children
acute leukemia
most common site of extramedullary infiltration in leukemia
reticuloendothelial system
second most common pediatric cancer
CNS tumors
most common neoplasm in the first year of life
Neuroblastoma
most common primary site of neuroblastoma
adrenal gland
most common pediatric intraocular malignancy
Retinoblastoma
most common solid tumor in young adult men
Testicular germ cell tumors
most common primary pediatric bone tumor
Osteosarcoma (osteogenic sarcoma)
most frequent causes of cancer-related death
Osteosarcoma (osteogenic sarcoma)
most common presentation of osteosarcoma in the adolescents
persistent bone pain that worsens at night or with activity
most significant prognostic factor of Ewing’s sarcoma
Metastatic disease
Tumor lysis syndrome is commonly precipitated by
induction of chemotherapy
most common malignancy in adolescents age 15 to 19 years
Hodgkin’s lymphoma
most common presenting symptom of spinal cord compression in children
backpain
the most common clinical features of metabolic emergencies
Vomiting, altered mental status, and poor feeding
Most important diagnostic test in the ED for the neonate, infant, or child who is critically ill or shows altered mental status
serum glucose level
second most important diagnostic test in the ED for pediatric patients
Evaluation of serum for beta-hydroxybutyrate (or urine ketones)
accounts for most cases of congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Deficiency of 21-hydroxylase
most common pediatric endocrine disorder
diabetes
leading cause of mortality in patients with diabetes <24 years of age
DKA
leading cause of mortality in DKA
cerebral edema
most common neurosurgical procedure performed in children
Cerebrospinal shunt placement
Most common and most severe form of neural tube
meningomyelocele
most common form of child maltreatment and the most difficult to evaluate and manage
Child neglect
most easily identified type of maltreatment
Physical abuse
most common manifestation of physical abuse and is often overlooked
bruising
second most common manifestation of physical abuse
fractures
Single most important risk factor for abusive fractures
young age
most highly correlated with physical abuse.
Posterior rib fractures
most common cause of traumatic death and disability in infancy and early childhood
Abusive head trauma
second leading cause of death in abused children
Abdominal trauma (liver and small bowel injuries are the most commonly seen)
Most common cause of blindness in abusive head trauma
cortical blindness
second most common benign neck mass after lymphadenopathy
Thyroglossal duct cysts
most common childhood malignancy of the head and neck
Lymphoma
most common cause of acquired subglottic stenosis
Prolonged endotracheal intubation in premature babies
most common cause of stridor outside the neonatal period
Croup (viral laryngotracheobronchitis)
leading cause of death in children less than 5 years of age
pneumonia
most common benign murmur in children
Still vibratory murmur
most severe manifestations of Kawasaki’s disease
Cardiac complications
second leading cause of death worldwide in children outside of the neonatal period.
Diarrhea
most common type of renal stone in children
Calcium-containing renal stones
most common physical exam finding in nephrotic syndrome
edema
most common lower extremity injury in children over 5 years of age
Distal Fibula Ankle Fractures
second bone to ossify in the fetus and the largest of the long bones in the body
femur
most common cause of hip disability in adolescents.
Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (Slipped Upper Femoral Epiphysis)
most common in acute septic arthritis in pediatrics
Hematogenous spread
most common pathogen in osteoarticular infections
Staphylococcus aureus
most common example of avascular necrosis or osteochondrosis
Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease
most common site of pain from a vaso-occlusive crisis
extremities and back
next most common site of pain from a vaso-occlusive crisis
abdomen
leading cause of death in patients with SCA
infection
most common manifestation of SCA
Vaso-occlusive crises
most common renal abnormality of SCA
Hyposthenuria
single most important risk factor for developing thromboembolism in any child
central venous line
most common cause of metabolic encephalopathy in infants.
Hyperammonemia
