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Biology 241 > Section 2 > Flashcards

Section 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the layers of the skin?

A

Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis

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2
Q

What is the epidermis made up of?

A

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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3
Q

What is the integumentary system?

A

The skin and its accessory structures

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4
Q

What is stored in the hypodermis? What is another name for this layer?

A

Fat is stored here in the “subcutaneous” layer

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5
Q

What are the 4 cell types in the integumentary system

A
  1. Keratinocytes
  2. Melanocytes
  3. Langerhans cells
  4. Merkle cells
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6
Q

What cells produces keratin?

A

Keratinocytes

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7
Q

What cells produces a black/ brown pigment? What is that pigment called?

A

Melanocytes produce melanin

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8
Q

What is the only cell in the integumentary system that is produced in bone marrow and not from squamous epithelium?

A

Langerhans cells

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9
Q

What cell is disc shaped and provides nerve endings for touch

A

Merkel cells

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10
Q

What is the main function of keratinocytes

A

Producing keratin to harden the outer surface of the epidermis.

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11
Q

What is the main function of melanocytes

A

Produces melanin to help with UV light absorption and give skin its pigment

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12
Q

What is the main function of Langerhans cells

A

Helps to provide immunity to the epidermis by eating away toxins and other unwanted microbial things

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13
Q

What is the most superficial layer of skin?

A

Stratum Corneum

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14
Q

What is the deepest layer of skin?

A

Stratum basal

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15
Q

Why is every layer of skin starting with stratum?

A

It describes the layers of the skin being stacked or “stratified”

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16
Q

What are the layers of the skin from shallow to deep? (Come, Let’s Get Sun Burned)

A

Stratum Corneum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Basale

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17
Q

What are the shape of cells in the stratum basale and what is special about them?

A

SINGLE LAYER of Cuboidal squamous cells
These cells are mitotically active

18
Q

How many layers of cells are in the stratum spinosum?

A

8-10 cell layers thick, start to flatten as they reach the upper portion of this layer

19
Q

How many layers of cells make up the stratum granulosum?

A

3-5 cell layers thick. Cells continue to flatten

20
Q

What skin layer does keratinization occur

A

Granulosum. Cells begin to die forming a water resistant barrier

21
Q

How thick is stratum lucidum? Why is it called lucidum? Where are these cells found?

A

3-5 cell layers thick
Lucid means clear, which helps in describing the overall look of these cells on the skin
Found on fingertips and the soles of the feet

22
Q

How thick is the stratum Corneum? What is it made out of?

A

20-30 cells in thickness
Made up of flattened DEAD keratinocytes that contain no nuclei

23
Q

What makes up the dermis? Think : what are skin supplements primarily containing? What do they help with?

A

Mostly connective tissue containing collagen and elastin fibers

24
Q

What are the two regions in the dermis?

A

Papillary region and the reticular region

25
Q

What is another term for fingerprints in the dermis? What layer has an increased surface area with dermal papillae?

A

(Epidermal ridges) Dermal papillae - tiny projections into the epidermis which increase the surface area of the stratum basale layer in the skin

26
Q

What do you call the tactile receptors for the skin? Where are they located?

A

Meissner corpuscles— located at the apex of Dermal Papillae

27
Q

What region of the dermis contains irregular connective tissue?

A

Reticular region

28
Q

What connective tissue makes up the hypodermis? Think : fat and oxygen

A

Adipose connective tissue and Areolar connective tissue

29
Q

True or false: hypodermis contains vessels and nerves that supply the skin

A

True

30
Q

True or false: Carotene pigment is red/pink pigment

Bonus: what vitamin is it associated with??

A

False — yellow/ orange pigment

Associated with vitamin A

31
Q

What amino acid creates melanin?

A

Tyrosine

32
Q

What color is hemoglobin?

A

Pink/ red pigment
**oxygen carrying molecule in red blood cells

33
Q

What layer of the skin is damaged in superficial wound healing?

A

Only the epidermis region. (Anything ABOVE stratum basale layer)

34
Q

What is the first step in superficial wound healing?

A

The cells surrounding the injury site swell and migrate to fill the gap made from the cut

35
Q

What is contact inhibition?

A

Describes when migration of cells ceases upon contact with eachother after swelling and migration

36
Q

What action helps to produce more cells that replace the cut away or damaged ones during injury?

A

Mitosis on the stratum basale

37
Q

Where would deep wound healing?

A

Any area that gets cut into the dermal region of the skin. (BELOW the stratum basale)

38
Q

What are the 4 stages of deep wound healing?

A
  1. Inflammation phase: clot forms, leukocytes and fibroblasts move into area to disinfect and rebuild tissue
  2. Migratory Phase: scab forms, epithelial tissue migrates to fill gap, scar tissue gets laid down, vessels regrow
  3. Proliferative phase: epithelial tissue begins to mature, collagen fibers get laid down randomly
  4. Maturation Phase: scab falls off after the epidermis is repaired, circulation is restored and fibroblasts decrease in number
39
Q

What is fibrosis? What happens with uncontrolled fibrosis?

A

The formation of scar tissue.
Uncontrolled scar tissue formation results in a keloid

40
Q

What are the steps to thermoregulation?

A
  1. Temp change is detected by nerve endings in the skin
  2. This info gets sent to the hypothalamus
  3. Nerve signals are then sent back to sweat glands and smooth muscle in the vessels of the integumentary system
41
Q

What happens when ambient temperature is Elevated? (This ones too hot)

A

Perspiration increases (sweating)
Smooth muscle in dermal vessels relax and dilate allowing for increased blood flow. Heat is lost to the environment by radiation

42
Q

What happens when ambient temperature decreases (this one is too cold)

A

Sweat gland activity decreases. Smooth muscle in dermal cells constrict. Both actions help in heat conservation

Biology 241 (9 decks)

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