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Biology 241 > Chapter 11 & 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 & 12 Flashcards

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1
Q

The site of muscles attachment to the more stable bone

A

Origin

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2
Q

The site of a muscles attachment to the more moveable bone

A

Insertion

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3
Q

The fleshy part of a muscle located between the origin and insertion of a muscle

A

Belly (Body)

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4
Q

The force created to achieve movement

A

Mechanical advantage

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5
Q

A rigid structure that can be moved around a fixed point (called the fulcrum).

A

A Lever

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6
Q

The force which causes movement

A

Effort

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7
Q

The force which opposes movement (resistance)

A

Load

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8
Q

What part of the muscle is the prime mover

A

Agonist

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9
Q

What part of the muscle prevents unwanted movements and aids in the movement of the agonist?

A

Synergist

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10
Q

What part of the muscle stretches and yields to the agonist

A

Antagonist

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11
Q

What muscles stabilize the origin of the agonist

A

Fixator

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12
Q

What are two characteristics of nerve tissue

A
  • it is specialized for rapid transmission of signals from cell to cell
  • works along with the endocrine system to coordinate homeostasis and body activities
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13
Q

What two parts make up the central nervous system?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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14
Q

What 3 parts make up the peripheral nervous system?

A

Somatic, Autonomic, and Enteric nervous systems

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15
Q

What specific nervous system is the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system apart of?

A

Autonomic nervous system in the peripheral nervous system

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16
Q

What is a Neuron

A

A nerve cell

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17
Q

What is a soma or perikaryon? What are characteristics?

A

A cell body
Contains ONE centrally located nucleus and nissel bodies as well as the rough ER

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18
Q

Extensions from the cell body that receive signals (to then transport them to the nucleus)

A

Dendrites

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19
Q

Extension from the cell body that transports signals toward the synapse

A

Axon

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20
Q

Region where the axon joins the cell body

A

Axon hillock

21
Q

Cytoplasm and cell membrane of the axon

A

Axoplasm and Axolemma

22
Q

Branches that come off of an axon

A

Axon collaterals

23
Q

The end of the axon that contains the synapse. Also contains vesicles that house neurotransmitters

A

Synaptic end bulb

24
Q

The site of communication between an axon and its end organ

A

Synapse

25
Q

What are the two types of axon transport systems?

A

Slow axonal transport (1-5mm per day)
Fast axonal transport (200-400mm per day)

26
Q

Which type of axonal transport moves material in both directions?

A

Fast axonal transport
Ex: synaptic vesicles

27
Q

A lipid protein coating that surrounds the axons of certain neurons

A

Myelin sheath

28
Q

Area between the myelin sheaths

A

Nodes of Ranvier

29
Q

What is white matter

A

A collection of myelinated neurons

30
Q

What is gray matter?

A

A collection of unmyelinated neurons

31
Q

What are the 3 structural types of neurons

A

Multipolar, Bipolar, and Unipolar

32
Q

What type of structural neuron is found in the brain and spinal cord?
(Multiple dendrites and one (or more) axon)

A

Multipolar Neuron

33
Q

What type of structural neuron is associated with the eyes and ears?
(Has one axon and one dendrite)

A

Bipolar Neurons

34
Q

What type of structural neuron is associated with sensory neurons?
(Dendritic and axon leave the cell body from one area)

A

Unipolar

35
Q

Cells that support the function of the nervous system

A

Neurolgia = Glia = Glial cells

36
Q

What are the 6 types of neurolglia cells?
(Astronaut Oli Might End Space Stations)

A

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells
Schwann cells
Satellite cells

37
Q

What cells provide nutritional support and the proper chemical environment to neurons?

A

Astrocytes

38
Q

What cells solely produce myelin sheaths

A

Oligodendrocytes

39
Q

What cell is also known as as a mobile microphage

A

Microglia

40
Q

What cells line the ventricles of the brain and produce cerebral spinal fluid?

A

Ependymal cells

41
Q

What cells contain a Neurolemma as well as produce myelin sheaths

A

Schwann cells

42
Q

What cells helps with nutritional support for neurons

A

Satellite cells

43
Q

The electrical potential across the axon membrane that is produced by ions located on either side of the membrane

A

Resting Membrane Potential

44
Q

What ions are used to create an electrical gradient intracellularly and extracellularly?

A

Intracellularly: potassium ions, phosphates, amino acids

Extracellularly: sodium and chloride ions

45
Q

Where are voltage gates channels located?

A

Axolemma

46
Q

What takes care of ion leakage across the axon membrane?

A

Sodium/ Potassium ATPase Pumps

47
Q

Where does Depolarization originate from?

A

The axon hillock

48
Q

What describes the recovery of the resting membrane potential?

A

Depolarization

49
Q

What is the electrical signal that is propagated down the axon called?

A

Action Potential

Biology 241 (9 decks)

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