Chapter 11 & 12

Question 1

The site of muscles attachment to the more stable bone

Answer 1

Origin

Question 2

The site of a muscles attachment to the more moveable bone

Answer 2

Insertion

Question 3

The fleshy part of a muscle located between the origin and insertion of a muscle

Answer 3

Belly (Body)

Question 4

The force created to achieve movement

Answer 4

Mechanical advantage

Question 5

A rigid structure that can be moved around a fixed point (called the fulcrum).

Answer 5

A Lever

Question 6

The force which causes movement

Answer 6

Effort

Question 7

The force which opposes movement (resistance)

Answer 7

Load

Question 8

What part of the muscle is the prime mover

Answer 8

Agonist

Question 9

What part of the muscle prevents unwanted movements and aids in the movement of the agonist?

Answer 9

Synergist

Question 10

What part of the muscle stretches and yields to the agonist

Answer 10

Antagonist

Question 11

What muscles stabilize the origin of the agonist

Answer 11

Fixator

Question 12

What are two characteristics of nerve tissue

Answer 12

• it is specialized for rapid transmission of signals from cell to cell
• works along with the endocrine system to coordinate homeostasis and body activities

Question 13

What two parts make up the central nervous system?

Answer 13

Brain and spinal cord

Question 14

What 3 parts make up the peripheral nervous system?

Answer 14

Somatic, Autonomic, and Enteric nervous systems

Question 15

What specific nervous system is the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system apart of?

Answer 15

Autonomic nervous system in the peripheral nervous system

Question 16

What is a Neuron

Answer 16

A nerve cell

Question 17

What is a soma or perikaryon? What are characteristics?

Answer 17

A cell body
Contains ONE centrally located nucleus and nissel bodies as well as the rough ER

Question 18

Extensions from the cell body that receive signals (to then transport them to the nucleus)

Answer 18

Dendrites

Question 19

Extension from the cell body that transports signals toward the synapse

Answer 19

Axon

Question 20

Region where the axon joins the cell body

Answer 20

Axon hillock

Question 21

Cytoplasm and cell membrane of the axon

Answer 21

Axoplasm and Axolemma

Question 22

Branches that come off of an axon

Answer 22

Axon collaterals

Question 23

The end of the axon that contains the synapse. Also contains vesicles that house neurotransmitters

Answer 23

Synaptic end bulb

Question 24

The site of communication between an axon and its end organ

Answer 24

Synapse

Question 25

What are the two types of axon transport systems?

Answer 25

Slow axonal transport (1-5mm per day) Fast axonal transport (200-400mm per day)

Question 26

Which type of axonal transport moves material in both directions?

Answer 26

Fast axonal transport Ex: synaptic vesicles

Question 27

A lipid protein coating that surrounds the axons of certain neurons

Answer 27

Myelin sheath

Question 28

Area between the myelin sheaths

Answer 28

Nodes of Ranvier

Question 29

What is white matter

Answer 29

A collection of myelinated neurons

Question 30

What is gray matter?

Answer 30

A collection of unmyelinated neurons

Question 31

What are the 3 structural types of neurons

Answer 31

Multipolar, Bipolar, and Unipolar

Question 32

What type of structural neuron is found in the brain and spinal cord? (Multiple dendrites and one (or more) axon)

Answer 32

Multipolar Neuron

Question 33

What type of structural neuron is associated with the eyes and ears? (Has one axon and one dendrite)

Answer 33

Bipolar Neurons

Question 34

What type of structural neuron is associated with sensory neurons? (Dendritic and axon leave the cell body from one area)

Answer 34

Unipolar

Question 35

Cells that support the function of the nervous system

Answer 35

Neurolgia = Glia = Glial cells

Question 36

What are the 6 types of neurolglia cells? (Astronaut Oli Might End Space Stations)

Answer 36

Astrocytes Oligodendrocytes Microglia Ependymal cells Schwann cells Satellite cells

Question 37

What cells provide nutritional support and the proper chemical environment to neurons?

Answer 37

Astrocytes

Question 38

What cells solely produce myelin sheaths

Answer 38

Oligodendrocytes

Question 39

What cell is also known as as a mobile microphage

Answer 39

Microglia

Question 40

What cells line the ventricles of the brain and produce cerebral spinal fluid?

Answer 40

Ependymal cells

Question 41

What cells contain a Neurolemma as well as produce myelin sheaths

Answer 41

Schwann cells

Question 42

What cells helps with nutritional support for neurons

Answer 42

Satellite cells

Question 43

The electrical potential across the axon membrane that is produced by ions located on either side of the membrane

Answer 43

Resting Membrane Potential

Question 44

What ions are used to create an electrical gradient intracellularly and extracellularly?

Answer 44

Intracellularly: potassium ions, phosphates, amino acids Extracellularly: sodium and chloride ions

Question 45

Where are voltage gates channels located?

Answer 45

Axolemma

Question 46

What takes care of ion leakage across the axon membrane?

Answer 46

Sodium/ Potassium ATPase Pumps

Question 47

Where does Depolarization originate from?

Answer 47

The axon hillock

Question 48

What describes the recovery of the resting membrane potential?

Answer 48

Depolarization

Question 49

What is the electrical signal that is propagated down the axon called?

Answer 49

Action Potential