Lecture 4 Test (12,13,14) Flashcards
1
Q
What are neurotransmitters?
A
Chemicals essential for transmission of signals across the synaptic cleft
2
Q
What neurotransmitter is associated with Alzheimer’s disease?
A
Acetylcholine
(Deactivated by acetylocholinesterase)
3
Q
What parts of an amino acid are excitatory?
A
Glutamate and Aspartate
4
Q
What parts of an amino acid are inhibitory?
A
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) and Glycine
5
Q
What do you call a modified amino acid?
A
Biogenic Amines
6
Q
What type of Biogenic Amines is associated with Parkinson’s disease?
A
Dopamine
7
Q
What does dopamine regulate?
A
Skeletal muscle tone, movement, and emotional response
8
Q
What is serotonin associated with?
A
Sensory perception, mood control, temperature regulation, appetite, and sleep induction
9
Q
What is a SSRI
A
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
10
Q
What are the 3 types of Biogenic amines
A
Dopamine, serotonin, epinephrine
11
Q
What is a neuropeptide?
A
A neurotransmitters that is made up of 3-40 bonded amino acids
12
Q
The creation of new neurons from undifferentiated stem cells
A
Neurogenesis
13
Q
Where does axon repaired in the peripheral nervous system occur?
A
In myelinated axons where the neurolemma is intact
14
Q
In what stage of nerve tissue regeneration does the schwann cells undergo mitosis to form a regeneration tube across an injury site?
A
Later effects, after nissel bodies become granular in appearance.
15
Q
What is the first thing that happens during nervous tissue repair?
A
The cell body swells
16
Q
What happens in the early stages of nervous tissue regeneration?
A
- cell body swells
- wallerian degeneration occurs (the portion of the axon distal to the injury degenerates)
- the proximal portion of the axon degenerates to the nearest node of ranvier
- nissel bodies become granular in appearance
17
Q
What happens in the later stages of nervous tissue repair?
A
- Schwann cells undergo mitosis to form a regeneration tube
- the axon is gradually reconstructed with in the sheath that is left behind at a rate of 1 to 5mm per day
- scar tissue in the “tube” will stop regeneration if too wide of a gap
- function is restored
18
Q
Where does the spinal cord extend from?
A
Foramen magnum down to L1/L2 vertebrae
19
Q
How many pairs of spinal nerves come off of the spinal chord
A
31
(8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal)
20
Q
What are the 3 connective connective tissue coverings that make up the meninges?
A
Dura mater, Arachnoid mater, Pia mater
21
Q
What is the outermost layer of connective tissue of the brain and spinal cord?
A
Dura mater.
22
Q
What is the innermost layer of connective tissue that directly touches the brain or spinal cord?
A
Pia mater.
23
Q
What is the middle layer of connective tissue that contains subdural space that contains lymph fluid?
A
Arachnoid mater
24
Q
What specific space on the pia mater contains cerebral spinal fluid?
A
Subarachnoid space
25
Where is the cervical enlargement located? Where is the nerve supply going?
Between C4-T1
Supplies nerves to upper extremities
26
Where is the lumbar enlargement? Where are the nerves supplied to?
Located between T9-T12
Supplies nerves to the lower extremities
27
Where is the Conus Medullaris?
Located between L1 and L2
The end of the spinal cord
28
What is the Filum Terminale?
A fibrous band of Pia that extends from the Conus Medullaris to the Coccyx and anchors the spinal cord
29
What part contains nerves that leave the spinal cord then run inferiorly to exit from lower intervertebral foramen ?
Cauda Equina
30
Is the outer or inner region of a spinal cord mostly white matter?
Outer region
31
Does the outer or inner region of a spinal cord contain the anterior and posterior horns?
Inner region
32
Does the outer or inner region of a spinal cord contain the anterior median fissure and posterior median sulcus?
Outer region
33
True or false: the outer portion of the brain contains white matter while gray matter is deep.
False: the outer portion of the brain contains gray matter while white matter runs deep
34
What is a ganglion
A group of neuron cell bodies that is located outside the central nervous system
35
What is the posterior root in the spinal cord made up of?
Sensory neurons
36
What is the posterior root in the spinal cord made up of?
Sensory neurons
37
What is another word for posterior?
Dorsal
38
What is another word for anterior?
Ventral
39
What is the anterior root for the spinal cord made up of?
Motor neurons
40
What is a spinal nerve?
A combination of dorsal and ventral roots (a mixed nerve) that comes together in the intervertebral foramen
41
Where are sensory and motor tracts located in the spinal cord?
In the columns of the spinal cord.
42
What is the difference between a Tract and a Nerve in spinal cord physiology?
A tract is a bundle of nerve axons IN the CNS where as a Nerve is a bundle of axons OUTSIDE the CNS
43
What is a fast, involuntary, unplanned sequence of actions that occur in response to a particular stimulus called?
A reflex
44
What is a reflex arc?
The pathway followed by a nerve impulse that produces a reflex
45
What is a sensory receptor?
A structure that responds to a specific stimulus
46
What is a sensory neuron?
A neuron that carries the nerve impulse to the spinal cord for sensory purposes
47
Where is the integrating center located for reflexes?
Gray matter of the spinal cord
48
What are the two types of reflexes in the integrating center?
Monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflex
49
In what direction do motor neurons carry nerve impulses: Toward or away from the spinal cord?
Away from the spinal cord
50
What is an effector?
The part of the body that responds to the nerve impulses
51
What term is used to describe the reflex where the sensory impulse enters the spinal cord on the SAME side that the motor impulse will leave?
Ipsilateral
52
What does Reciprocal Innervation prevent?
Conflicts between opposing muscles.
While agonist contracts the antagonist is inhibited
53
What happens to the sensory impulse after it enters the spinal cord during intersegmental reflex arch
The sensory impulse ascends or descends in the cord
54
What reflex is associated with extension of joints in one side of the body while the flexors are contacting in the contralateral muscle?
Crossed extensor reflex
55
What happens to the sensory impulse after it enters the spinal cord during Contralateral reflex arch?
The nerve impulses cross over in the gray commissure and then exit on the opposite side of the cord
56
What layer surrounds individual nerve fibers?
Endoneurium
57
What layers surrounds bundles of individual nerve fibers?
Perineurium
58
What is another term for a bundle of nerve fibers?
A fascicle
59
What layer surrounds a group of fascicles?
Epineurium
60
What are the 4 types of branches or ramus that leave the intervertebral foramen?
Dorsal Ramus
Ventral Ramus
Meningeal Branch
Rami communicantes
61
What does the dorsal ramus innervate?
Deep muscles and skin of dorsal trunk
62
What does ventral ramus innervate?
Limb muscles and skin of extremities and the remaining trunk
63
What does the meningeal branch innervate?
Spinal cord structures
64
What is a plexus?
A network of nerves
65
Where is the cervical plexus? Where is the phrenic nerve?
Cervical plexus = C1-C5
Phrenic nerve = C3-C5 (innervate a the diaphragm)
66
Where is the Brachial Plexus?
C5-T1
Supplies innervation to shoulders and upper limbs
67
Where is the Lumbar Plexus?
L1-L4
Supplies part of the abdominal walls, external genitalia, and part of the proximal lower limb
68
Where is the Sacral Plexus?
Where is the Sciatic nerve?
Sacral plexus = L4-S4
Supplies innervation to lower limb
Sciatic Nerve = L4-S3
69
What are dermatomes?
The area of skin that provides sensory input through one pair of spinal nerves or Cranial nerve 5
70
What virus remains dormant in the Dorsal root Ganglion and is caused by the Herpes Zoster Virus?
Shingles
71
What virus can destroy motor neuron cell bodies in the Anterior Horn?
Poliomyelitis (Polio)
72
What is neuritis
Inflammation of one or more nerves
73
What part of the nervous system does Lou Gehrigs Disease affect directly?
Nerve cell bodies in the Anterior Horn and Brain (motor neurons)
74
What are the 4 major areas of the Brain?
1. Brain stem
2. Cerebrum
3. Diencephalon
4. Cerebellum
75
What substance is not stored in the brain and has to be continually supplied?
Glucose
76
What major vessels supply blood and oxygen to the brain?
Right and left internal carotid and vertebral arteries
77
What vein returns blood from the brain back into circulation?
Internal Jugular Veins
78
What kind of junctions seal the endothelial cells that line the capillaries in the brain?
Tight junctions
79
What is a blood brain barrier?
A barrier that protects brain cells from pathogens and harmful substances
80
What extra layer surrounds the brain that differs from the layers surrounding the spinal cord?
An extra layer of Dura Mater
81
What separates the Cerebral Hemispheres?
Falx Cerebri
82
What separates the Cerebellar Hemispheres?
Falx Cerebelli
83
What separates the Cerebellum from the Cerebrum?
Tentorium Cerebelli
84
What is cerebral spinal fluid and where does it come from?
A clear, colorless fluid that circulates in the subarachnoid space and spaces around the brain and cord. Comes from ependymal cells of the choroid plexus which is located in ventricles of the brain
85
What 4 parts make up the brain stem?
1. Medulla Oblangata
2. Pons
3. Midbrain
4. Reticular Formation
86
What cranial nerves come off of the Medulla Oblongata?
Cranial nerves 8-12
87
What cranial nerves come off of the Pons portion of the brain stem?
Cranial Nerves 5-8
88
What cranial nerves come off of the mid brain?
Cranial nerves 3-4
89
What are the 3 regions of the cerebellum?
Vermis: central region that connects the hemispheres
Cerebellar Cortex: outer portion, gray matter
Cerebellar Medulla: inner portion, gray matter
90
What surrounds the Diencephalon?
Cerebrum
91
What makes up most of the Diencephalon?
The thalamus
92
What is the role of the hypothalamus? What structure is seemingly “hanging” off the inferior surface of the hypothalamus?
Controls autonomic NS functions like temperature regulation, hunger, thirst, gland activity.
The Pituitary Gland hangs from the inferior surface and is attached by the Infundibulum
93
Where is the Pineal Glad located and what does it produce?
Located in the epithalamus of the Diencephalon and produces melatonin
94
What is the largest region of the brain?
Cerebrum
95
What are the 4 lobes of the cerebrum?
1. Frontal
2. Parietal
3. Occipital
4. Temporal
96
What is a gyri or gyrus
Fold(s) on the surface of the cerebrum
97
What is a sulcus or sulci?
Shallow grooves between gyri
98
What’s the difference between sulci and fissures in the brain?
Fissures are deep grooves that separate portions of the brain
Sulci are shallow grooves that separate gyri on the cerebrum
99
What is the corpus callosum?
What matter that contains the axons that connect the cerebral hemispheres
100
What does the Basal Ganglia in the cerebral hemispheres help with?
Regulates initiation and termination of movements, controls subconscious skeletal muscle contractions and helps coordinate nervous activity in general
101
What is the Limbic System in the upper part of the brain stem and corpus callosum involved with?
Emotional integration, olfaction, and memory
102
What is Cranial Nerve I?
What is the purpose?
Olfactory Nerve - delivers smell to the brain
Located in the upper nasal cavity and pass through the cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone.
103
What is Cranial Nerve V?
What is the purpose?
Trigeminal Nerve - Ophthalmic, maxillary, and Mandibular nerves
Transmit sensory info from the face and provides motor innervation to the muscles of mastication
104
What is Cranial Nerve VII?
What is the purpose?
Facial nerve - associated with sensory info for taste from the anterior two thirds of the tongue.
Motor innervation to the muscles of facial expression and glands
105
What is Cranial Nerve X?
What is the purpose?
Vagus nerve - extends through the head, neck, thorax and abdomen
Associated with sensory info for taste in the through and a wide variety of visceral activity
106
What is Cranial Nerve XI?
What is the purpose?
Accessory nerve - originates from brain stem and upper spinal cord
Provides motor innervation to the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
107
What is Cranial Nerve XII?
What is the purpose?
Hypoglossal nerve - provides motor innervation for the muscles of the tongue
